Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T14:02:31.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“The Air Is Blue with Robert Elsmere”: The Public Reading of Theological Novels

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2022

Anne DeWitt*
Affiliation:
New York University, New York, New York, USA

Abstract

The popularity of Mary Ward's novel Robert Elsmere (1888) has been attributed to readers who identified with the title character's loss of faith. This article offers a new account of Robert Elsmere's sales as it considers the book alongside John Inglesant (1881), another best-selling novel of religious experience. I argue that readers were drawn not to the representation of the protagonists’ experience but to the chance the books offered of exploring an expanding range of religious positions. Their appeal thus lay not in their resonances with private religious experience but in the way they fostered what I call “public reading.”

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I am grateful to Annmarie Drury, Andrew Goldstone, Eugenia Kisin, Greg Vargo, Mimi Wimmick, and the anonymous readers of VLC for their feedback on earlier versions of this essay. I would also like to thank the British Library, the Harry Ransom Center, and Special Collections at the Claremont Colleges Library for their assistance with materials in their archives.

References

Works Cited

Acton, John Dalberg. Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone. Edited by Paul, Herbert. London: Macmillan, 1905.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Asquith, Margot. The Autobiography of Margot Asquith. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1920.Google Scholar
Bailin, Miriam. “Victorian Readers.” Victorian Literature and Culture 44, no. 3 (2016): 727–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Books and Authors: Robert Elsmere.” Christian Union 38, no. 12 (September 20, 1888): 305.Google Scholar
Branch, Lori. “Postsecular Studies.” In The Routledge Companion to Literature and Religion, edited by Knight, Mark, 91101. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Brittain, Vera. Testament of Youth: An Auto biographical Study of the Years 1900–1925. London: Macmillan, 1934.Google Scholar
Burns, David. The Life and Death of the Radical Historical Jesus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burstein, Miriam Elizabeth. “Hybridous Monsters: Constructing ‘Religion’ and ‘the Novel’ in the Early Nineteenth Century.” In Constructing Nineteenth-Century Religion, edited by King, and Werner, , 171–89.Google Scholar
Burstein, Miriam Elizabeth. Introduction to Robert Elsmere, by Mrs Ward, Humphry, 5–12. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013.Google Scholar
“Chat in a Bookstore. Cheap Novels That Are Purchased by the Masses. The Effect Preaching Has Had on the Sale of ‘Robert Elsmere.’” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 11, 1888, 26.Google Scholar
“Col. Bob Takes a Hand: His Opinion of ‘Robert Elsmere’ and Religion.” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 18, 1888, 25.Google Scholar
Darnton, Robert. The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History. New York: Norton, 1989.Google Scholar
Clyde, de L. Ryals. Introduction to Robert Elsmere, by Mrs. Ward, Humphry, viixxxviii. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967.Google Scholar
DeWitt, Anne. “Advances in the Visualization of Data: The Network of Genre in the Victorian Periodical.” In “Digital Pedagogies,” special issue of Victorian Periodicals Review, edited by Horrocks, Clare, 48, no. 2 (2015): 161–82.Google Scholar
DeWitt, Anne. “Gender and Genre in Reviews of the Theological Novel.” In Women, Periodicals, and Print Culture in Britain, edited by Easley, Alexis, Gill, Clare, and Rodgers, Beth, 442–56. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Emre, Merve. Paraliterary: The Making of Bad Readers in Postwar America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flint, Kate. The Woman Reader, 1837–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Free, Mark M.The Moral Irrelevance of Dogma: Mary Ward and Critical Theology in England.” In Women's Theology in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Transfiguring the Faith of Their Fathers, edited by Melnyk, Julie, 133–45. New York: Garland, 1998.Google Scholar
Gladstone, William. “Colonel Ingersoll on Christianity.” North American Review 146, no. 378 (May 1888): 481508.Google Scholar
Gladstone, William. “‘Robert Elsmere’ and the Battle of Belief.” Nineteenth Century 25, no. 135 (May 1888): 766–88.Google Scholar
“Glances Here and There.” New-York Tribune, December 31, 1888, 7.Google Scholar
Golsworthy, Arnold. “Concerning Dinner.” Pick-Me-Up, January 21, 1893, 278–79.Google Scholar
Guiney, Louise. Letters of Louise Imogen Guiney. Edited by Guiney, Grace. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Row, 1926.Google Scholar
F, H.. O. “New York Letter: The Robert Elsmere Discussion.” Hartford Courant, September 14, 1888, 2.Google Scholar
Hapgood, Lynne. “‘The Reconceiving of Christianity’: Secularisation, Realism and the Religious Novel, 1888–1900.” Literature and Theology 10 (1996): 329–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holley, Sallie. A Life for Liberty: Anti-Slavery and Other Letters of Sallie Holley. Edited by Chadwick, John White. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899.Google Scholar
Huxley, Julian. Memories. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.Google Scholar
Ingersoll, Robert G.Col. Ingersoll to Mr. Gladstone.” North American Review 146, no. 379 (May 1888): 601–40.Google Scholar
Jager, Colin. Unquiet Things: Secularism in the Romantic Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[James, Henry]. “Mrs. Humphry Ward.” English Illustrated Magazine (February 1892): 399.Google Scholar
King, Joshua, and Werner, Winter Jade, eds. Constructing Nineteenth-Century Religion: Literary, Historical, and Religious Studies in Dialogue. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Knight, Frances. Victorian Christianity at the Fin de Siècle: The Culture of English Religion in a Decadent Age. London: I. B. Tauris, 2015.Google Scholar
Knight, Mark. “The Limits of Orthodoxy in a Secular Age: The Strange Case of Marie Corelli.” In “New Religious Movements,” ed. LaPorte, and Lecourt, , 379–98.Google Scholar
LaPorte, Charles. “Victorian Literature, Religion, and Secularization.” Literature Compass 10, no. 3 (2013): 277–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaPorte, Charles, and Lecourt, Sebastian, eds. “New Religious Movements.” Special issue of Nineteenth-Century Literature 73, nos. 2–3 (September and December 2018).Google Scholar
Larsen, Timothy. Crisis of Doubt: Honest Faith in Nineteenth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Latest.” Northern Echo, July 9, 1883, 3.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Lecourt, Sebastian. Cultivating Belief: Victorian Anthropology, Liberal Aesthetics, and the Secular Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Life and Letters of Elizabeth L. Comstock. Compiled by Hare, Caroline. Philadelphia: J. C. Winston, 1895.Google Scholar
Lightman, Bernard. “Robert Elsmere and the Agnostic Crisis of Faith.” In Victorian Faith in Crisis: Essays on Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Religious Belief, edited by Helmstadter, Richard J. and Lightman, Bernard, 283311. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Love, Heather. “Close but Not Deep: Literary Ethics and the Descriptive Turn.” New Literary History 21, no. 2 (2010): 371–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahmood, Saba. The Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Manton, Kevin. “Establishing the Fellowship: Harry Lowerison and Ruskin School Home, a Turn-of-the-Century Socialist and His Educational Experiment.” History of Education 26, no. 1 (1997): 5370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Mark Pattison at Close Quarters.” Pall Mall Gazette, May 28, 1885, 11.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Hugh. Guilty Pleasures. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Metropolitan Gossip.” Grantham Journal, April 14, 1888, 7.Google Scholar
“Metropolitan Notes.” Nottingham Evening Post, April 11, 1888, 4.Google Scholar
“Mrs. Edward Conybeare,” Times, January 30, 1933, 15.Google Scholar
“The New Novel.” Daily News, April 11, 1888, 45.Google Scholar
“The Old Question.” Pall Mall Gazette, February 16, 1889, 1.Google Scholar
“Our London Letter.” Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, July 9, 1883, 2.Google Scholar
Peterson, William S. Victorian Heretic: Mrs. Humphry Ward's Elsmere, Robert. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Radway, Janice. A Feeling for Books: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Literary Taste, and Middle-Class Desire. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Radway, Janice. Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Ramsey, A. R.Books and Bookmakers.” Ladies’ Home Journal 6, no. 12 (November 1889): 10.Google Scholar
“‘Robert Elsmere’ as a Symptom.” North-Eastern Daily Gazette, May 18, 1889.Google Scholar
Robson, Catherine. Heart Beats: Everyday Life and the Memorized Poem. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Rose, Jonathan. The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Rose, Jonathan. “Rereading the English Common Reader: A Preface to a History of Audiences.” Journal of the History of Ideas 53, no. 1 (1992): 4770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selbin, Jesse Cordes. “Reading.” In “Keywords for Victorian Literature and Culture,” special issue of Victorian Literature and Culture, edited by Hack, Daniel and Ablow, Rachel, 46, nos. 3–4 (2018): 826–31.Google Scholar
Shorthouse, Sarah, ed. Life and Letters of J. H. Shorthouse. London: Macmillan, 1905.Google Scholar
Silly Societies.” Saturday Review 53, no. 1389 (June 10, 1882): 727–28.Google Scholar
Smith, Erin A. What Would Jesus Read? Popular Religious Books and Everyday Life in Twentieth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St Clair, William. The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
“These are their favorite authors. The books that are most popular with Illinois and Missouri readers.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 26, 1889, 26–28.Google Scholar
Trevelyan, Janet Penrose. The Life of Mrs. Humphry Ward. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1923.Google Scholar
Ward, Mary. Introduction to Robert Elsmere. In vol. 1 of The Writings of Mrs Humphry Ward, with Introductions by the Author, Westmorland Edition, xiii–xliv. London: Smith, Elder, 1911–12.Google Scholar
Warner, Michael. Publics and Counterpublics. Brooklyn: Zone Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Warner, Michael. “Uncritical Reading.” In Polemic: Critical or Uncritical, edited by Gallop, Jane, 1338. New York: Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar
Weliver, Phyllis. Mary Gladstone and the Victorian Salon: Music, Literature, Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar