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Mode of Action, Localization of Production, Chemical Nature, and Activity of Sorgoleone: A Potent PSII Inhibitor in Sorghum spp. Root Exudates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Mark A. Czarnota ,
Rex N. Paul ,
Franck E. Dayan ,
Chandrashekhar I. Nimbal  and
Leslie A. Weston
Mark A. Czarnota*
Affiliation:
University of Georgia, Department of Horticulture, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223
Rex N. Paul
Affiliation:
USDA/ARS/SWSRU, Stoneville, MS 38776
Franck E. Dayan
Affiliation:
USDA/ARS/NPURU, University, MS 38667
Chandrashekhar I. Nimbal
Affiliation:
33 King Avenue, Fremont, CA 94536
Leslie A. Weston
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: mac@griffin.peachnet.edu.
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Abstract

The root exudates produced by sorghums contain a biologically active constituent known as sorgoleone. Seven sorghum accessions were evaluated for their exudate components. Except for johnsongrass, which yielded 14.8 mg root exudate/g fresh root wt, sorghum accessions consistently yielded approximately 2 mg root exudate/g fresh root wt. Exudates contained four to six major components, with sorgoleone being the major component (> 85%). Three-dimensional structure analysis was performed to further characterize sorgoleone's mode of action. These studies indicated that sorgoleone required about half the amount of free energy (493.8 kcal/mol) compared to plastoquinone (895.3 kcal/mol) to dock into the QB-binding site of the photosystem II complex of higher plants. Light, cryo-scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were utilized in an attempt to identify the cellular location of root exudate production. From the ultrastructure analysis, it is clear that exudate is being produced in the root hairs and being deposited between the plasmalemma and cell wall. The exact manufacturing and transport mechanism of the root exudate is still unclear. Studies were also conducted on sorgoleone's soil persistence and soil activity. Soil impregnated with sorgoleone had activity against a number of plant species. Recovery rates of sorgoleone-impregnated soil ranged from 85% after 1 h to 45% after 24 h. Growth reduction of 9 14-d-old weed species was observed with foliar applications of sorgoleone.

Keywords

common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. POROLcommon ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBELcress, Lepidium sativum L. # LEPSAgiant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFAjohnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. SORHAlambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEALlettuce, Lactuca sativa L.nightshade, Solanum sppredroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMAREsicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L. CASOBspinach, Spinacea oleraceashattercane, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moensch SORVUsorghum, S. bicolor (L.) Moensch SORVUsweet sorghum, S. bicolor ‘Della’8446 and 855-F, S. bicolor (L.) Moensch SORVUtomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L.velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus ABUTHSorgoleoneroot hairsSORVUSORHAER, endoplasmic reticulumHPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatographyPSII, photosystem IIQB, quinone bindingSEM, scanning electron microscopyTEM, transmission electron microscopyTLC, thin-layer chromatography3D, three dimensionalUV, ultraviolet
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , December 2001 , pp. 813 - 825
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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