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Risk Assessment of Herbicide-Resistant Crops: A Latin American Perspective Using Rice (Oryza sativa) as a Model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kathrine H. Madsen ,
Bernal E. Valverde  and
Jens E. Jensen
Kathrine H. Madsen*
Affiliation:
Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
Bernal E. Valverde
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Sciences (Weed Science), Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Agrovej 10, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
Jens E. Jensen
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Sciences (Weed Science), Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Agrovej 10, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: khm@kvl.dk.
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Abstract

Herbicide-resistant crops (HRCs), particularly glyphosate-resistant soybean, are increasingly important in Latin America. Prior to commercial release of these crops, their short- and long-term risks should be thoroughly assessed. A risk assessment should include the identification and characterization of potential hazards and an estimation of the likelihood of these hazards occurring. For HRCs the agro-ecological hazards are mostly related to the occurrence of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds and crop volunteers and the adverse effects from the use of pesticides within the agricultural area. Herbicide-resistant rice is used as a case study to visualize the key components of such a risk assessment. For this purpose, a model that simulates a typical rain-fed rice production system in Central America was developed. The model was used to investigate the selection of HR weedy rice populations under various scenarios. Scenarios included contrasting weed management practices, hybridization levels between the commercial HR cultivated and weedy rice, and seed predation rates. Because risks may become apparent only after long-term cultivation of HR rice, simulations were run for a 10-yr period. In a cropping system relying on glufosinate-resistant rice for weed control, the model predicted that resistance to glufosinate would occur after 3 to 8 yr of monoculture. Increasing the hybridization level from 1 to 5% decreased the time for resistance to occur by 1 to 3 yr. Increasing annual rate of weedy rice seed predation at the soil surface delayed the development of resistance. Tillage as a weed control tactic also delayed the occurrence of resistance when compared with a no-till situation.

Keywords

Glufosinateglyphosatered or weedy rice, Oryza sativa L. #3 ORYSArice (crop), Oryza sativa Lsoybean, Glycine max (L.) MerrBrassica napus, Brassica rapa, ECHCE, ECHCO, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa crus-pavonis, ecological hazard assessment, herbicide-resistant crops, herbicide-resistant rice, Latin America, ORUSA, Oryza latifolia, red rice, Sagittaria montevidensis, weedy riceALS, acetolactate synthaseDAS, days after sowingFAO, Food and Agriculture OrganizationGMO, genetically modified organismHR, herbicide resistantHRC, herbicide-resistant cropWHO, World Health Organization
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 16 , Issue 1 , March 2002 , pp. 215 - 223
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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