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Sulfonylurea Herbicides' Fate in Soil: Dissipation, Mobility, and Other Processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Timothy L. Grey  and
Patrick E. McCullough
Timothy L. Grey*
Affiliation:
Crop and Soil Science Department, University of Georgia, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA 31794
Patrick E. McCullough
Affiliation:
Crop and Soil Science Department, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: tgrey@uga.edu
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Abstract

Sulfonylurea herbicides used in turfgrass—including chlorsulfuron, flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, metsulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron—are all weak acids, with disassociation constants ranging from 3.3 to 5.2. Sulfonylureas are used at low rates ranging from 4 to 280 g ha−1. Although these use rates put their soil concentration in parts per billion, they still have residual activity with variable persistence. They have limited susceptibility to soil leaching with weak adsorption to soil clay minerals. Sulfonylurea herbicides used in turfgrass have variable soil organic matter adsorption, which is soil dependent. The persistence and activity of these sulfonylureas are affected by soil pH. At soil pH of 7.0 and greater, some of these sulfonylurea herbicides tend to persist for longer periods with half-lives extending into years rather than days. In normal use patterns with soil pH of 7.0 and less, dissipation occurs via chemical hydrolysis and microbial degradation with half-lives ranging from days to months. Overall, sulfonylurea herbicide adsorption is negatively correlated to increasing pH (increased persistence) and positively correlated to increased organic matter (decreased activity).

Los herbicidas sulfonylurea usados en céspedes, incluyendo chlorsulfuron, flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, metsulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, y trifloxysulfuron, son todos ácidos débiles, con pKas que varían de 3.3 a 5.2. Los herbicidas sulfonylurea son usados a bajas dosis variando de 4 a 280 g ha−1. Mientras estas dosis ponen su concentración en el suelo en ppb, aún así tienen actividad residual con persistencia variable. Además, tienen susceptibilidad limitada a la lixiviación dentro del suelo con débil adsorción a los minerales de las arcillas. Los herbicidas usados en céspedes tienen adsorción variable a la materia orgánica del suelo, la cual depende del suelo mismo. La persistencia y la actividad de éstos herbicidas sulfonylurea se ven afectadas por el pH del suelo. A un pH de 7.0 o mayor, algunos de estos herbicidas sulfonylurea tienden a persistir por períodos más largos, con vidas medias que pueden extenderse por años en vez de días. En patrones de uso normal con pH del suelo de 7 o menor, la disipación ocurre vía hidrólisis química y degradación microbiana con vidas medias que varían de días a meses. En general, la adsorción del herbicida sulfonylurea está negativamente correlacionada al incremento del pH (incremento en persistencia) y positivamente correlacionada con un incremento de la materia orgánica (actividad disminuida).

Keywords

ChlorsulfuronflazasulfuronforamsulfuronhalosulfuronmetsulfuronrimsulfuronsulfometuronsulfosulfurontrifloxysulfuronExponential decay equationhalf-lifeherbicide dissipationherbicide persistence
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 26 , Issue 3 , September 2012 , pp. 579 - 581
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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