Coronaviruses (CoVs), important human and animal pathogens, are a family of RNA viruses that typically cause mild respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic disease in humans. Reference Cui, Li and Shi1,Reference Weiss and Leibowitz2 Six coronavirus species are known to cause human disease: among these, 4 species, including hCoV-229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, are prevalent and typically cause mild respiratory diseases, Reference Su, Wong and Shi3 while 2 novel fatal coronaviruses emerge periodically in different areas: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
At the end of 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia, called SARS-CoV-2, was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Reference Zhu, Zhang and Wang4,Reference Huang, Wang and Li5 It is supposed that the new virus originated from an animal-to-human spillover event linked to seafood and live-animal markets. It subsequently spread throughout China and elsewhere, becoming a global health emergency. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated the disease COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. 6
Coronavirus infection in humans causes mild to moderate respiratory diseases, such as colds, that last for a short period of time. Symptoms may include runny nose, cough, inflamed throat, fever, headache, gastrointestinal disorders, and general malaise. Human coronaviruses can cause diseases of the lower respiratory tract, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. This occurs mainly in people suffering from pre-existing chronic diseases of the cardio-vascular and/or respiratory system, and individuals with a weakened immune system, in infants and the elderly.
The transmission of the virus takes place from 1 infected person to another through: saliva, coughing, and sneezing, with direct personal contact and touching with contaminated hands (not yet washed) mouth, nose, or eyes. The contagion can occur through fecal contamination. 7
There are many gaps in the knowledge of the epidemiology, prevalence, and clinical manifestation of infection. As the World Health Organization (WHO) has pointed out, the transmission of adequate information to the public about the virus, how contagion happens and appropriate prevention measures are essential to ensure adequate disease control. Reference Bawazir, Al-Mazroo and Jradi8
The new COVID-19 virus is still little known and this characteristic leads on the 1 hand to look for as much information as possible on the subject, on the other hand, to rely on sources that often report incorrect or unfounded news.
However, the need to know and inform is associated with a loss of confidence in institutions, science, and medicine, and the interests of pharmaceutical companies are feared. In the age of social networks, people are subject to an informational deluge, and new forms of media epidemics are developing that quickly transmit habits and behaviors, even wrong and unfounded news. Reference de Michaela9
The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of information on new coronavirus among young Italians and to understand if young people in Italy had developed prejudices against the Chinese because of the coronavirus.
METHODS
Study Design and Participants
This study was a cross-sectional study. An online survey was conducted on February 2020 with the collaboration of “Skuola.net”, an Italian website for information and insights for secondary school, high school, and university students.
The students and also people who do not attend any school or university but simply viewed the website, had the opportunity, during 3 d, to participate in the survey by answering the questionnaire through a link published on the homepage (www.skuola.net). No limits of age were applied to the participants. This study was carried out according to the STROBE statement. 10
Data Collection
The questionnaire was created to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Italian students about the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), on the basis of previous published studies. Reference Bawazir, Al-Mazroo and Jradi8,Reference Elrggal, Karami and Rafea11-Reference Abbag, El-Mekki and Al Bshabshe13 It was developed in Italian language and composed by 16 multiple choice questions: 7 concerning knowledge, 5 concerning attitudes and, 4 about socio-demographic data, such as gender, age, school, and geographic area. The participants were assured about the anonymity of their responses. The data from survey responses were collected in an Excel file for statistical analysis. A pilot study involving 93 students revealed a Spearman correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability of 0.908 (P < 0.001) and Chronbach alpha of 0.701.
Statistical Analysis
All analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 25; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). A descriptive analysis of the categorical variables was conducted using absolute frequencies and percentages. The associations among sex, school, geographic area, and attitudes and knowledge were evaluated. The differences between groups with respect to the categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. A score was created using the correct answers to the 7 knowledge questions evaluated with 1-point, with a range of value from 0 (no knowledge) to 7 (maximum knowledge): we considered for good knowledge a cutoff of correct answers of 75% (5/7).
A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed using a forward stepwise selection, considering the score of knowledge as dependent variables and socio-demographic factors as independent variables. The goodness of fit for the model was assessed with R2.
Moreover, 5 logistic regression models were computed, estimating odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs): the dependent variable in the models was each question about attitudes, and the independent variables were age, sex, school, geographic area and knowledge score. Significance threshold was set at P < 0.05 for all analyses.
RESULTS
Descriptive Analysis of the Sample
A total of 5374 people took part in the questionnaire and 5234 complete answers were received, of which 3262 (60.7%) were females and 1972 (36.7%) were males. The frequencies of the socio-demographic characteristics (age, attended school, regional macroarea) of the sample are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Selected Demographics Characteristics of the Respondents
Univariate Analysis: Knowledge Questions
Questions 1 to 7 concerned knowledge about new coronavirus. To the question “Can coronavirus infection pass from man to man through cough-borne droplets?” especially females answered correctly (82.2%), students attending high school (83.4%), and people from North of Italy (82%). Similar results came from question 2 (“Are fever and cough among the signs and symptoms of coronavirus infection?”, from question 4 (“How long can infection develop after exposure to coronavirus?”), from question 5 (“Can patients with coronavirus infection be cured?”), and from question 7 (“Is there currently a vaccine against coronavirus?”) in which most of the females correctly answered, most of the university students, and most of the people of northern Italy. Table 2 and the additional file Supplemental Table 2A show the results in detail.
TABLE 2 Frequency of Answers
Univariate Analysis: Attitudes Questions
Questions 8 to 12 concerned attitudes toward the virus and the Chinese population. Table 2 and the additional file Supplemental Table 2B show the results in detail.
About question number 8 (“If there were a vaccine available, would you get vaccinated?”), 1501 males (71.1%), 2389 females (73.2%), 659 who attending university (68.9%), 2267 who attending high school (83.7%), 511 who attending middle school (78.4%), 453 who not attending any school (42.9%), 1804 from north (74.8%), 903 from center (68.2%), and 1183 from south (72.3%) would agree with the idea of getting vaccinated.
About question number 9 (“How has your attitude toward Chinese restaurants changed in this period?”), 560 males (26.5%), 847 females (26.0%), 201 who attending university (21.0%), 769 who attending high school (28.4%), 228 who attending middle school (35.0%), 209 who not attending any school (19.8%), 627 from north (26.0%), 358 from center (27.0%), and 422 from south (25.8%) say that their opinion on Chinese restaurants has worsened in the last period.
About question number 10 (“How has your attitude toward Chinese-run shops changed in this period?”), 532 males (25.2%), 746 females (22.9%), 208 who attending university (21.7%), 672 who attending high school (24.8%), 213 who attending middle school (32.7%), 185 who not attending any school (17.5%), 546 from north (22.6%), 307 from center (23.2%), and 425 from south (26.0%) say that their opinion on Chinese-run shop has worsened in the last period.
About question number 11 (“How has your attitude toward Chinese tourists changed in this period?”), 828 males (39.2%), 1108 females (34.0%), 297 who attending university (31.0%), 1079 who attending high school (39.8%), 298 who attending middle school (45.7%), 262 who not attending any school (24.8%), 887 from north (36.8%), 499 from center (37.7%), and 550 from south (33.6%) say that their attitude on Chinese tourists has worsened in the last period.
About question number 12 (“If in the class you attend, there were a student of Chinese origin, how would you behave?”), 94 males (4.5%), 116 females (3.6%), 28 who attending university (2.9%),95 who attending high school (3.5%), 49 who attending middle school (7.5%), 38 who not attending any school (3.6%), 97 from north (4.0%), 34 from center (2.6%), and 79 from south (4.8%) answer this question that they would put on a mask in the classroom if a student of Chinese origin was present.
Multivariate Analysis
Linear regression analysis (Table 3) was performed to evaluate the association between the score of knowledge and socio-demographic variables (age, sex, geographic area, school). All variables were directly associated with the score except for the variables “Macroarea-Center” and “Middle school,” which had no significant relationships (B = −0.008; P = 0.619; B = 0.024; P = 0.357).
TABLE 3 Linear Regression Model of Score of Knowledge
a Reference sex: male.
b Reference macroarea: south.
c Reference attended school: not attending.
Logistic regression models are reported in Table 4. Regarding question 8, the variable “Center” had no significant association (OR, 0.879; CI: 0.756-1.022), while “Age” had an indirect association (OR, 0.666; CI: 0.637-0.697). Center was not significantly different from south Italy, while age had an inverse association with the intention of being vaccinated. The same happened in questions 9 and 11 with the geographic variable “Center,” which was associated with a negative attitudes (OR, 0.796; CI: 0.695-0.913; OR, 0.787; CI: 0.693-0.895). Age was also inversely associated with the attitude investigated in question 12 (OR, 0.943; CI: 0.903-0.986), so the older participants tended to have negative behaviors toward a Chinese-born schoolmate.
TABLE 4 Logistic Regression Models of Attitudes Questions
DISCUSSION
The aim of this study is to investigate the degree of knowledge of Italian students of middle school, high school, and university about the new coronavirus and their current attitudes toward the coronavirus and the Chinese population, especially if they have changed in the last period. The survey was conducted in early February before the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic in Italy.
The study highlights how, in particular, female students, university students, high school students, and those of Northern Italy, compared with their respective counterparts, have a greater knowledge about the infection of the new coronavirus and underlines, in particular, how the attitudes and behaviors of male students, middle school students, and those of Central-Southern Italy, toward the Chinese population, have worsened in the last period.
Therefore, greater attention should be paid to male students, middle school students, and those who do not attend school, to increase awareness of the disease and to implement the most suitable preventive measures, designed to stem the spread of the infection.
A similar study of coronavirus, causing MERS, showed good knowledge of the clinical manifestations of MERS-CoV and less knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics of the disease; in addition, the Internet was the main source of information about the infection for respondents to the survey. Reference Bawazir, Al-Mazroo and Jradi8
A cross-sectional study, carried out on health personnel from the southern region of Saudi Arabia, demonstrated limited knowledge of health personnel regarding the microbiological characteristics of the coronavirus causing MERS. Reference Abbag, El-Mekki and Al Bshabshe13
A cross-sectional study, conducted on 384 participants recruited in various parts of the government of Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia, included in the questionnaire, unlike our study, more socio-demographic data, such as the origin of the participants from urban or rural areas and a greater number of very useful questions to prevent and stem the spread of the infection: questions regarding the knowledge of the main preventive measures, the treatment of the disease and the epidemiological characteristics of the infection. In addition, they included a question about the main source of information, which appears to be the Ministry of Health, followed, in order of frequency, by the social networks. Reference Nooh, Alshammary and Alenezy14
Another study that involved medical students highlighted how these students had a good knowledge of the clinical manifestations of the MERS but a poor knowledge of the rate of mortality of the infection. Reference Al-Mohrej and Agha15
Our study is the first that evaluates the knowledge of Italian students regarding COVID-19 infection, highlighting a good global knowledge; in addition, only students who visited the “Skuola.net” site were able to participate in the survey by filling in a questionnaire on a link published on the website homepage. Compared with other studies, there is no age limit for completing the questionnaire and participating in the survey.
However, not all students access the “Skuola.net” site to acquire information regarding a given topic; in this study, therefore, even the most deserving students, who prefer to study a given topic on a more reliable source, such as a textbook, could be excluded. Another limitation of the study is not to include, among the questions in the questionnaire, 1 relating to the main source of information regarding the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2: in this way 1 could know those sources least used by students to be able to encourage them to use these sources to increase awareness of the infection. Finally, if the survey had been conducted in the period of maximum contagiousness in Italy, such as the end of March, and in April, the answers of the students could vary, resulting in a greater knowledge of COVID-19, for the several details provided above all by the media, and, probably a more inclined attitude toward the Chinese population.
He and colleagues in their online survey observed social exclusion and discrimination in the outbreak of COVID-19 across the world and inside of China, reporting many feared contact with people from Wuhan or Hubei Province and the stigmatization of people from Hubei was associated with the social exclusion process. Reference He, He and Zhou16
In February 2020, before the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Poland, Rzymski and Nowicki conducted an anonymous online survey of Asian medical students in Poland to assess whether they experience any form of prejudice related to the ongoing pandemic. The authors demonstrated the COVID-19 outbreak had triggered xenophobic reactions toward students of Asian-origin before the first SARS-CoV-2 case was confirmed in Poland. Reference Rzymski and Nowicki17
Epidemics spread fear that is the feeling behind the phenomena of racism and xenophobia. The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered social and political fractures within communities, with racialized and discriminatory responses to fear, disproportionately affecting marginalized groups. Reference Devakumar, Shannon and Bhopal18
Following the spread of COVID-19 from Wuhan, China, discrimination toward Chinese people has increased. This includes individual acts of microaggression or violence, to collective forms, for example, Chinese people being barred from establishments. Reference Chung and Li19
CONCLUSIONS
Most young people are aware of the main symptoms of the disease and generally show a good level of knowledge about new coronavirus, despite the primary source of information beng social networks, natural docking places of fake news and alarm uncontrolled. Basic notions that, however, do not make them immune to irrational behaviors, from true and proper psychosis. Efforts should be concentrated to increase global awareness of this emerging infection, also to prevent and contrast any prejudicial or discriminatory behaviors, especially among the youngest.
Supplementary material
To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.205
Open access
