Index

doi:10.1017/9781009253741.034

Index

Aarhus Convention, 217

ABNJ. See areas beyond national jurisdiction

access and benefit sharing (ABS), 181

Actio popularis, 210, 269, See also litigation; maritime environmental crime

ad hoc jurisdictional agreements. See advisory opinion

Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group (AHTEG), 182, See also maritime genetic resources

advisory function. See International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

advisory opinion, 144, 226, 233, 236–237, 240, 243, 246–247, 276, 371, See also International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

Agreement on Port State Measures (PSMA). See Port State

Aichi Biodiversity Targets, 168, See also biodiversity

Aliens Tort Claims Act, 216, See also maritime environmental crime

Amoco Cadiz, 218, See also maritime environmental crime

Antarctic. See Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)

climate change, 19

icebergs, 127, 367

Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), 188, 317, 367

Arbitrariness, 6, See also Rule of law

Arctic

ecosystem-based marine management, 302, 314–315, 320, 325

International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), 324

Arctic Council, 314, 321, 373

area-based protection and management measures (ABPMM), 159, 368. See biodiversity; marine protected areas

areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), 95, 167, 213, 239, 243, 284, 313, 318

ASEAN Code of Conduct, 351, 357, 375

Baltic Sea. See HELCOM; Pollution

dumping, 300

ecosystem-based approach, 302–303, 308

EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR), 311

geo-engineering, 110

MARPOL, 304

oil pollution, 300, 373

Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), 112, 306, 308

Basel Convention. See pollution

best available technology. See pollution

best environmental practice. See pollution

biodiversity, 17, 21, 49, 76, 104, See also pollution; marine genetic resources

Aichi biodiversity targets, 168

beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ), 23, 178, 294, 316, 364

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 36, 49, 95, 164, 179, 286, 350

fisheries, 153, 169, 361, 366

Nagoya Protocol, 182

regional cooperation, 283, 286, 288, 313, 374

restoration measures, 95–96

Cancún Adaptation Framework, 172

circular economy. See pollution

climate change, 3, 149, 167. See greenhouse gas emissions; pollution

Kyoto Protocol, 18, 33

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), 24, 33, 172, 364

Paris Agreement, 18, 24, 36, 368

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 18, 33, 243, 362

coastal State, 224, 272, 275, 372

jurisdiction, 214, 225, 272

Coherence. See Rule of law

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), 317, 321

Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, 246

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPOUS), 366

common heritage of mankind, 128, 133, 348

Common Implementation Strategy. See Water Framework Directive

compliance. See Baltic Sea; IUU fishing; litigation; maritime environmental crime; South China Sea; World Trade Organisation

conference of parties, 160

conservation, 141, 143, 153, 167, 350

conservation and management measures, 163, 268

Southern Bluefin Tuna cases, 271, 333

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment in the North-East Atlantic. See OSPAR

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). See Biodiversity

Convention on Migratory Species, 164. See fisheries; migratory species

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 188, 302

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 49

COVID-19, 46, 66, 252

cradle to cradle, 70, See also pollution

crime. See maritime environmental crime

dispute settlement, 253. See also litigation; advisory opinion; International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

coastal State, 273–274, 278

flag State, 275

Seabed Disputes Chamber. See International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

World Trade Organisation, 253

due diligence, 102, 144, 168

due regard, 353, 355–356

dumping. See pollution

Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR), 289

Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETPO), 289, 373

ecologically and biologically significant area (EBSA), 289

ecosystem, 3, 36

large marine ecosystem, 287

ecosystem-based approach, 170, 302–303, 308, See also Baltic Sea

ecosystem-based marine management, 302. See also Arctic

Integrated Ecosystem-Based Marine Management (IEBMM), 314–315, 320, 325

enforcement, 150, 369

environmental impact assessment, 88, 102, 159

Espoo Convention, 89

European Space Agency, 81

European Union

Court of Justice of the EU, 113, 194

European Green Deal, 299

Integrated Maritime Policy, 200

legitimacy, 195

Marine Strategy Framework Directive, 200, 305–306, 308, 370

Maritime Spatial Planning Directive, 202, 315, 355, 370

Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, 311

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 26, 42, 84, 153, 168, 212, 225, 267, 293, 318, 327, 338, 342, 348, 354

Exxon Valdez, 220

fisheries, 17, 21, 72, 154, 335, See also IUU fishing; Port State

climate change, 164

Committee on Fisheries, 176

ecosystem approach to fisheries, 169

fishing access agreement, 258

illegal fishing. See IUU fishing

management, 253

maximum sustainable yield, 154, 261

overfishing, 19, 149, 262

precautionary principle, 175

regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs), 155

subsidies. See World Trade Organisation

United Nations Agreement Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA), 48, 137, 153, 276

flag State, 40, 224, 267, 275, 372

jurisdiction, 213–214

Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 176, 255, 340

Code of Responsible Fisheries, 255

Free trade agreements. See World Trade Organisation

IUU fishing, 258

Generally Accepted International Rules and Standards (GAIRS), 42

geo-engineering, 109, 118, See also pollution

good environmental status, 200, See also Water Framework Directive

governance, 4, 163, 173, 193, 196, 283, 369, 373

regional, 285

Great Pacific garbage patch, 47, 99, 103

green legal theory (GLT), 150, See also biodiversity

liberalism, 151

neo-liberalism, 156

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), 72, See also pollution

climate change, 3, 23

shipping, 31, 33

Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), 111, 120, 305, See also Baltic Sea

ice sheets, 19

icebergs, 12, 124–125, 127, 367

illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. See IUU fishing

Ilulissat Declaration, 313

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 248

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 295

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 19, 95

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. See MARPOL

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. See SOLAS

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), 88

International Court of Justice, 97, 144, 249, 267, 333

International Law Commission (ILC), 239, 269

International Maritime Organization (IMO), 27, 31, 90, 216, 246, 289, 300, 303–304, 319

International Seabed Authority, 319

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 182

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), 137, 226, 236, 267, 371, See also advisory opinion

Seabed Disputes Chamber, 40, 144

IUU fishing, 19, 28, 207, 223, 240, 257, 263, 290, 369

International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, 233

Law of the Sea Convention. See United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

legal certainty. See Rule of law

legitimacy. See European Union

liability. See maritime environmental crime

litigation. See also dispute settlement

coastal State, 272

fisheries, 275

flag State, 267

remedies, 274

living resources. See marine living resources

London Convention on Dumping. See pollution

marine biodiversity. See biodiversity

marine ecosystem. See ecosystem-based approach; ecosystem-based marine management

marine genetic resources, 178–179

functional units of heredity, 183

marine litter. See pollution

marine living resources, 140, 163, See also fisheries; Whaling

marine pollution. See pollution

marine protected areas (MPAs), 13, 159–160, 168, 193, 285, 315, 356, 373

marine scientific research, 100

maritime environmental crime, 207, 217

International Criminal Court (ICC), 218

Interpol, 215

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), 228

Maritime Spatial Planning Directive. See European Union

MARPOL, 32, 48, 60, 90, 218, 304

maximum sustainable yield. See Fisheries

Nagoya Protocol. See biodiversity

North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, 340

North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), 320

Ocean. See climate change

acidification, 3, 17, 19, 21, 149, 163

eutrophication, 105, 108

fertilization, 111, 118

governance. See Governance

The Ocean Cleanup, 96, 99, 366

Oil Pollution Act, 216, See also pollution

OSPAR, 53, 85, 319, 321, 374

Outer Space Treaty, 79, 83, 87

overfishing. See Fisheries

Paris Agreement. See climate change

particularly sensitive sea areas. See International Maritime Organisation

Baltic Sea, 301, 304

Galapagos and Malpelo, 289

pollution, 3, 21, 35, 47, 60, 82, 110, 149

air, 34

Baltic Sea, 108, 304, 312, 373

Barcelona Convention, 318

Caribbean Sea, 61, 65

dumping, 48, 60, 85, 90, 110, 118, 209

Global Partnership on Marine Litter, 55

Global Plastic Treaty, 55

Global Programme of Action for Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 48

land-based, 76

London Convention, 60, 85, 91, 118, 366

microplastics, 3, 46, 54–55, 59

oil, 207, 209, 218, 300–301

plastics, 3, 58, 364

Regional Plan on Marine Litter Management in the Mediterranean, 50, 53

Regional Seas Programme, 286

shipping, 31, 43, 207, 300

spaceflight, 76, 79

underwater noise, 3

port State, 224, See also IUU fishing

Agreement on Port State Measures (PSMA), 227

control, 44

jurisdiction, 43

precautionary principle/approach, 117, 138, 175

predictability. See Rule of law

Prevention

principle, of, 80, 115, 144

regional fisheries management organisation (RFMO), 163, 271, 275, 287, 368

remedies. See litigation

resilience, 3

rule of law

application, 5

clarity, 5, 10

coherence, 10

democracy, 4

formality, 5

international dimension, 7–8

legal certainty, 10

meaning, 4

predictability, 9

stability, 6

soft law, 83

SOLAS, 301

South China Sea, 21, 36, 146, 233, 272, 346, 356, 372, 374

space law, 78

Outer Space Treaty, 79

stability. See Rule of law

Stockholm Convention. See pollution

stratification, 17, 19

Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission, 236, 243, See also Regional fisheries management organisation (RFMO)

Sustainable Development Goals, 9, 253, 286, 299, 305

Torrey Canyon, 218

United Nations Agreement Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA). See fisheries

United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS), 81, 90

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). See maritime environmental crime

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 17, 31, 47, 81, 95, 110, 136, 150, 164, 178, 211, 223, 253, 267, 283, 304, 313, 332, 347, 362

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 287, 340, 363

United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, 302

United Nations Port State Measures Agreement. See port State

United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 289

waste management, 52, 365

Water Framework Directive, 197, 370, See also European Union

whaling, 327

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 270, 327, 338

International Whaling Commission, 329, 355

Japan Ocean Act, 335

Whaling in the Antarctic case, 333

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), 256, 259

Fisheries Subsidies Agreement, 253, 369

General Agreement on Tariffs (GATT), 258

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