This paper deals with a balance of energy and cutting fluid consumption used to manufacture an aluminum clutch case (AlSi9Cu3(Fe)) in industrial context. To establish this balance sheet constitutes the first stage of a reflection aiming at reducing the economic and ecological impact of the production of mechanical parts. Indeed, before intending to set up new technologies susceptible to reduce the cost of manufacturing of a part it is necessary to draw up an inventory of fixtures of the current situation. This paper brings to light the energy and environmental cost connected to the use of cutting fluids in machining. It establishes a prerequisite in the studies necessary for the implementation of a new technology (the minimum quantity lubrication or MQL) and in the characterization of this technology in comparison with the existing (wet machining). This study joins within the framework of a project supported by the “agence de l’environnement et de la matrise de l’énergie” (ADEME, France).

Production processes of integrated steel plants, mostly based on coal as an energy source, produce about 2 tons of CO2 per ton of steel. As specific CO2 production has to be decreased by 20% in the mid-term (2020), immediate action is required to further decrease the specific energy consumption. The integrated plant is not energy self-sufficient as extra electricity must be bought from outside, but on the other hand, produces an excess of process gas that has to be used within the plant. Optimisation of the use of the internally produced gases is a key issue as either they are burned at the power plant with a conversion yield to electricity of about 40% and often much lower, or might be valued in the plant internal heat exchangers with a much higher efficiency such as  ~90% in the hot stoves or  ~65% or more in the present reheating furnaces. This paper shows that using the high-value coke oven gas as a chemical reactant (for DRI production) leads to significant extra metal production. From a global viewpoint, this extra metal production is almost carbon-free, as it requires only electricity for its manufacture.

Involuntary weight loss (IWL) is common in the North American elderly population and affects as many as 60 per cent of nursing home residents, representing a threat to health and function. Investigation into nutrient provision in a long-term care (LTC) centre showed that mean total energy exposure over the 5-week menu cycle differed significantly between regular and puréed diet orders, with lower mean levels of exposure to all three macronutrients on a puréed diet order. There is sufficient evidence that current LTC menus may provide fewer nutrients in those receiving puréed diets that further investigation in this area is warranted.

La compression de poudre céramique nécessite l'incorporation de molécules organiques assurant la cohésion des grains entre eux. Comprimer des poudres céramiques formulées revient à leur fournir une certaine énergie. En fonction de la formulation de la poudre, on peut mesurer l'énergie stockée par unité de masse, caractéristique de la poudre. Récemment, une technique employée dans la métallurgie des poudres, la Compaction Grande Vitesse (CGV), a été utilisée pour la mise en forme d'objets céramiques. Cette méthode apporte des particularités au niveau des propriétés physiques des comprimés, notamment en terme d'homogénéité par rapport au pressage uniaxial dit conventionnel. Des comprimés issus des deux méthodes de mise en forme, et élaborés à partir de poudres formulées différemment, seront comparés en terme de comportement à la compression et via l'utilisation d'un modèle mathématique.

Cet articleprésente une approche globale du dimensionnement à lafatigue thermomécanique des structures dans l'industrieautomobile. Cette approche repose sur quatre aspects : ladéfinition du chargement, la modélisation du comportementdu matériau, celle de l'endommagement et un critère deruine de la structure. Cette démarche est appliquée au casde culasses et de collecteurs d'échappement soumis à deschargements thermiques transitoires. Les hypothèses et choixprincipaux nécessaires à un calcul intégré dans unschéma de développement industriel sont tout d'abordprésentés. Deux points sont plus particulièrementdéveloppés : le comportement mécanique etl'endommagement. Deux modèles de comportement viscoplastiqueont été choisis et leurs paramètres identifiésà partir d'essais isothermes et validés à l'aided'essais anisothermes. Un critère de dimensionnement basésur l'énergie mécanique dissipée dans le matériauest proposé. Associé à un calcul de structure, ilpermet une estimation de la durée de vie de piècessoumises à un chargement cyclique multiaxial anisotherme. On aainsi accès dès la phase de conception à des calculsprédictifs de la tenue en service de composants automobiles.

The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is the most widely cultured foodfish in the U.S., thus most of the nutrient requirement data are available for this species. Qualitatively, about 40 nutrients have been identified as necessary for the normal metabolic function of the channel catfish with quantitative requirement values available for about 30 nutrients including amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. Additional information is available on protein and energy requirements, digestible protein and energy coefficients as well as amino acid availability values. Thus adequate nutritional information is available to formulate high quality practical channel catfish feeds.Only limited nutrient requirement data are available for the other Siluroidei species. Some requirement data have been reported for a few species from Africa (Clarias gariepinus, C. isheriensis, Heterobranchus longifilis and H. bidorsalis), Asia (Clarias batrachus, C. macrocephalus, C. fuscus and Heteropneustes,fossilis) and Europe (Silurus glanis). The available requirement data will be summarized and compared with the requirement data for the channel catfish. Some variation does appear to exist in optimum dictary protein levels, essential fatty acid requirements, and lipid vs carbohydrate utilization.

The effect of increasing non-protein energy level in a 40% protein diet on the voluntary feed intake (VFI) was investigated in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were fed to satiety using two different methods, hand feeding or time restricted self-feeding. Regardless of the feeding methods, the VFI ind the feed: gain ratio was always significantly higher for the fish fed the low energy diet than for those fed the high energy diet. In addition, no effect of the diet on the specific growth rate could be detected. It is concluded that fish were able to regulate with a great accuracy their feed intake when fed either by hand or by self-feeders. This regulation was precise enough to satisfy their energy needs and led fish fed the two different experimental diets to reach identical growth performance, regardless of the feeding technique.