In December 1999, the European Commission adopted the European ‘Statement of Principles’ (SoP) in acknowledgement of the importance of the human-machine interaction (HMI) for in-vehicle telematics. In recommending adherence to the Statement of Principles, the EC urges the European motor manufacturing and supply industries to comply with a number of basic safety requirements concerning the design of, and driver interaction with, in-vehicle information, communication and entertainment systems. When the SoP was published, Member States were invited to undertake work to assess industry knowledge about, and compliance with, the Statement of Principles. TRL are currently undertaking this work for the UK Government in support of their work to assess the impact of the SoP and develop future policies concerning HMI. This paper discusses the results of a widespread UK consultation with individuals identified as working in the field of in-vehicle information, communication and entertainment systems (IVIS). It also outlines work undertaken to establish a method for assessing the extent to which a specific IVIS complies with the SoP. It describes the development and design of a HMI safety checklist that can provide an initial assessment of whether a specific IVIS is in accordance with the Principles.

This paper was first presented at a workshop arranged by the Netherlands Institute of Navigation on 5 November 1999 at the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.

The development and introduction of GPS in the early Eighties has led to an exponential growth in military and civilian applications. Worldwide, GPS is becoming a cornerstone in applications of transport, (offshore) survey, (precision) agriculture, network timing, military operations and many other applications. And yet, for a number of applications, GPS as sole-means or augmented – has some deficiencies, and its performance does not satisfy the user's requirements. Some of these deficiencies will be discussed in this paper. A number of maritime operations will be mentioned where (D)GPS as sole-means is considered by the author as unsafe navigational practice. Development and implementation of integrated navigation receivers using multiple navigation-signal sensors ((D)Galileo, (D)GPS, Eurofix, DR) using receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) could solve the majority of the deficiencies of these systems in their stand-alone state.

There is increasing pressure from commercial interests to obtain radio bandwidth for both terrestrial and satellite radio-communication applications. Existing civil radio-navigation and military radio-location bands are now being scrutinised by these interests. This background paper is about those pressures and the factors that marine navigators need to be aware of now and will need to deal with in the future.

A variety of operational systems are vulnerable to disruption by solar disturbances brought to the Earth by the solar wind. Of particular importance to navigation systems are energetic charged particles which can generate temporary malfunctions and permanent damage in satellites. Modern spacecraft technology may prove to be particularly at risk during the next maximum of the solar cycle. In addition, the associated ionospheric disturbances cause phase shifts of transionospheric and ionosphere-reflected signals, giving positioning errors and loss of signal for GPS and Loran-C positioning systems and for over-the-horizon radars. We now have sufficient understanding of the solar wind, and how it interacts with the Earth's magnetic field, to predict statistically the likely effects on operational systems over the next solar cycle. We also have a number of advanced ways of detecting and tracking these disturbances through space but we cannot, as yet, provide accurate forecasts of individual disturbances that could be used to protect satellites and to correct errors. In addition, we have recently discovered long-term changes in the Sun, which mean that the number and severity of the disturbances to operational systems are increasing.

Recent developments in remote imaging equipment carried on satellites have given the scientific community a vast amount of new information about the Sun and its atmosphere. Media coverage of the remarkable discoveries accompanied by impressive images of the Sun's atmosphere, and linkage to the loss of a television satellite over the United States, have focused public attention on the existence and effects of the Solar Wind. This paper sets out to illustrate the impact of the Solar Wind on radio aids to navigation, and to look at the possible effects on present and proposed systems.

This paper is based on the results of the ‘GNSS Support Task’ study for the European Commission, DGXIII. It summarises the results of the cost benefit analysis in terms of coverage, accuracy and safety requirements for different types of user and describes the most cost-effective GNSS 2 architecture. These analyses also assume that the overall system is layered into wide area, regional and local systems. The future planning of satellite navigation is essentially driven by the wide area requirements and ensuring that these are global and seamless. There is some flexibility in coverage and accuracy for a wide area system in that it can be augmented regionally or locally if required, but it must provide the highest level of safety required. The paper approaches the architecture for a future navigation system from this safety aspect. An analysis of the chosen architecture shows that the required safety performance can be met. An implementation plan is described which allows a gradual evolution from the first system to be realized for safety critical operations to a fully civilian owned and operated system.