We show that perfectoidization can be (almost) calculated by using p-root closure in certain cases, including the semiperfectoid case. To do this, we focus on the universality of perfectoidizations and uniform completions, as well as the p-root closed property of integral perfectoid rings. Through this calculation, we establish a connection between a classical closure operation “p-root closure” used by Roberts in mixed characteristic commutative algebra and a more recent concept of “perfectoidization” introduced by Bhatt and Scholze in their theory of prismatic cohomology.

Let A be a Banach algebra and let X be a Banach A-bimodule. We consider the Banach algebra ${A\oplus _1 X}$ , where A is a commutative Banach algebra. We investigate the Bochner–Schoenberg–Eberlein (BSE) property and the BSE module property on $A\oplus _1 X$ . We show that the module extension Banach algebra $A\oplus _1 X$ is a BSE Banach algebra if and only if A is a BSE Banach algebra and $X=\{0\}$ . Furthermore, we consider $A\oplus _1 X$ as a Banach $A\oplus _1 X$ -module and characterise the BSE module property on $A\oplus _1 X$ . We show that $A\oplus _1 X$ is a BSE Banach $A\oplus _1 X$ -module if and only if A and X are BSE Banach A-modules.

Let $\mathcal A$ and $\mathcal B$ be commutative and semisimple Banach algebras and let $\theta \in \Delta (\mathcal B)$ . In this paper, we prove that $\mathcal A\times _{\theta }\mathcal B$ is a type I-BSE algebra if and only if ${\mathcal A}_e$ and $\mathcal B$ are so. As a main application of this result, we prove that $\mathcal A\times _{\theta }\mathcal B$ is isomorphic with a $C^*$ -algebra if and only if ${\mathcal A}_e$ and $\mathcal B$ are isomorphic with $C^* $ -algebras. Moreover, we derive related results for the case where $\mathcal A$ is unital.

This paper considers Banach algebras with properties 𝔸 or 𝔹, introduced recently by Alaminos et al. The class of Banach algebras satisfying either of these two properties is quite large; in particular, it includes C *-algebras and group algebras on locally compact groups. Our first main result states that a continuous orthogonally additive n-homogeneous polynomial on a commutative Banach algebra with property 𝔸 and having a bounded approximate identity is of a standard form. The other main results describe Banach algebras A with property 𝔹 and having a bounded approximate identity that admit non-zero continuous symmetric orthosymmetric n-linear maps from An into ℂ.

Towards an involutive analogue of a result on the semisimplicity of ${\ell }^{1} (S)$ by Hewitt and Zuckerman, we show that, given an abelian $\ast $-semigroup $S$, the commutative convolution Banach $\ast $-algebra ${\ell }^{1} (S)$ is $\ast $-semisimple if and only if Hermitian bounded semicharacters on $S$ separate the points of $S$; and we search for an intrinsic separation property on $S$ equivalent to $\ast $-semisimplicity. Very many natural involutive analogues of Hewitt and Zuckerman’s separation property are shown not to work, thereby exhibiting intricacies involved in analysis on $S$.

In this paper we begin with a short, direct proof that the Banach algebra B(l1) is not amenable. We continue by showing that various direct sums of matrix algebras are not amenable either, for example the direct sum of the finite dimensional algebras is no amenable for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, p ≠ 2. Our method of proof naturally involves free group algebras, (by which we mean certain subalgebras of B(X) for some space X with symmetric basis—not necessarily X = l2) and we introduce the notion of ‘relative amenability’ of these algebras.

It is established that in a commutative radical Fréchet algebra, elements of non-nilpotent finite closed descent exist if a locally non-nilpotent element of locally finite closed descent exists. Thus if $\mathbb{C}[[X]]$ can be embedded into the unitization of the algebra in such a way that $X$ is mapped to an element which is locally non-nilpotent, then it is possible to embed the ‘structurally rich’ algebra $\mathbb{C}_{\omega_{1}}$.