Based on facts of adjectival concord in Standard Arabic, this article offers evidence that upward probing (i.e., the goal c-commands the probe) is permitted only if downward probing (i.e., where the probe c-commands the goal) does not result in valuing the probe's uninterpretable feature. Such a constraint on upward probing allows us to account for several intriguing observations in Arabic grammar, including the fact that an adjective can agree in number and gender with one nominal, but in definiteness with another nominal. Hence, on the one hand, this article lends support to Agree proposals according to which absence of a match in the c-command domain of an unvalued feature (uF) is not fatal to the derivation. On the other hand, it speaks against Agree proposals that do not license downward probing or view it as parasitic on upward probing.

This research investigates the morpho-syntactic behaviour of the Arabic complementizer ʔinn in a range of Arabic varieties (Modern Standard Arabic, Jordanian Arabic, and Lebanese Arabic). It essentially argues that this complementizer shares (not donates or keeps, pace Ouali 2008, 2011) its unvalued $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$-features with its complement $\text{T}^{0}$, something that makes ʔinn and $\text{T}^{0}$ separate agreeing heads. An inflectional suffix attached to ʔinn is treated as a PF reflex (i.e. an overt morphological realization) of valuation of ʔinn’s unvalued $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$-features or lack thereof. This research also argues that the occurrence of such an inflectional suffix is ruled by the postulated Agree Chain Record, an interface condition that demands an Agree relation to have a PF reflex, called a Record (i.e. an overt Case marking on the goal or, if not, a $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$-affix on the probe). This way, we account for the complementary distribution of overt Case and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$-Agree in Arabic. We also show how a host of other phenomena, including word order agreement asymmetries in Modern Standard Arabic and lack of such asymmetries in Arabic vernaculars, fares well with this view.

Sixty isolates of the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and six isolates of Sclerotinia minor Jagger were evaluated in a controlled environment for virulence on leaves excised from 8-week-old dandelion plants. Significant negative correlations were obtained between the relative virulence of the isolates and the dry weights of dandelion plants inoculated in a controlled environment; and positive correlations were detected between the relative virulence of isolates and reduction in number of dandelion plants in turfgrass swards infested with inoculum of the isolates. In August 1988, an 80.7% reduction in the number of dandelion plants was detected in a turfgrass sward treated in 1987 with four applications of heat-killed seed of perennial ryegrass (100 g m−2 application–1) infested with isolate R30 of S. sclerotiorum, followed by six applications at the same rate in 1988. Populations of dandelions in untreated swards increased by 22.2% during the same period. Heat-killed seed of perennial ryegrass (100 g m−2) infested with isolate R30 applied simultaneously with dandelion seed (25 g m−2) onto a sward of Kentucky bluegrass reduced the establishment of dandelion seedlings by 85.5%. Necrosis or discoloration did not develop on Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, or quackgrass treated with inoculum of Sclerotinia. Sclerotia of Sclerotinia spp. were found, on occasion, in crowns but not on the foliage of diseased dandelions.

Experimental adjuvants were tested to maximize herbicidal activity of sethoxydim on quackgrass and of bentazon on common lambsquarters. Efficacious adjuvants were identified by measuring the 14C-herbicide droplet spread and absorption, as influenced by various adjuvants, on the target weed. The absorption and droplet spreadability of sethoxydim and bentazon on quackgrass and common lambsquarters leaves were increased or were decreased depending on the type of adjuvant used. No correlation was found between sethoxydim droplet spread and absorption on quackgrass. With bentazon, the relationship between these two factors was greater. Thus, measurement of droplet spread, as affected by adjuvants, was useful only as a screening technique for bentazon. Blending surfactants with paraffinic oil or soybean oil to form a crop oil concentrate changed the efficacy of the surfactant compared to the surfactant by itself. Surfactants most effective as components of paraffinic-oil based crop oil concentrate were different from surfactants ideal for inclusion with soybean oil-based crop oil concentrate. Thus, the effectiveness of a crop oil concentrate depends on herbicide, surfactant, and oil types. In the field, several of the superior adjuvants identified in the laboratory enhanced sethoxydim and bentazon activity on grass and broadleaf weeds.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of carbon chain length and percent ethoxylation of primary linear ethoxylated alcohols on postemergence control of johnsongrass and quackgrass with primisulfuron. Control of johnsongrass and quackgrass was greatest with primisulfuron plus the experimental ethoxylated alcohols 1412-60 and 1412-70 which had chain lengths of 14 and 12 carbon atoms (60:40 ratio) and 60 or 70% ethoxylation. Control of these two weed species decreased when primisulfuron was applied with ethoxylated linear alcohols of similar chain lengths but decreased percent ethoxylation or with alcohols of similar percent ethoxylation but decreased carbon chain length. Quackgrass and johnsongrass control with primisulfuron plus 1412-60 or 1412-70 was equal to or greater than the control obtained with primisulfuron plus the commercial adjuvants of the nonionic, organosilicone, sunflower methyl ester, or crop oil concentrate types. The experimental adjuvant 1412-70 provided equal or greater uptake and translocation of 14C-primisulfuron in johnsongrass and quackgrass compared to four commercial adjuvants.

This paper investigates the properties of plural agreement that is triggered by collective nouns in British English. Both singular and plural agreement are able to appear with these collective nouns, which are shown to be morphologically singular but semantically plural. Plural agreement, however, is systematically more restricted than singular agreement, appearing in a subset of the environments where singular agreement is allowed. Restrictions on plural come from the nature of agreement; semantic agreement features can only enter into agreement when the controller of agreement c-commands the target of agreement, whereas morphologically motivated agreement is not subject to the same structural restriction. This asymmetry between the two types of agreement is shown to arise from the proposal that Agree (Chomsky 2000, 2001) is distributed over the syntactic and post-syntactic components (Arregi & Nevins 2012).

Cet article étudie la dérivation de deux types de dépendances Aʹ – les relatives et les structures à dislocation à gauche – dans le cadre du programme minimaliste. Le mandarin montre qu'une relative contenant soit un pronom résomptif soit une lacune et une dislocation à lacune sont dérivées par l'opération Accorder et sont soumises aux contraintes de localité et qu'une dislocation résomptive est dérivée par Match sans conditions d’îlot. «Transferts multiples» et « épellations multiples » sont légitimés dans les dépendances établies par Accorder mais pas dans celles dérivées par Match. Le choix du mécanisme dérivationnel dépend de l'interprétabilité des traits formels attachés à la sonde ainsi qu’à la cible dans une dépendance Aʹ.