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2 results

  • Chapter 2 - The Late Emergence of the Eastern Notitia System (395–450)

  • Anthony Kaldellis, University of Chicago, Marion Kruse, University of Cincinnati
  • Book:
    The Field Armies of the East Roman Empire, 361–630
    Published online:
    27 April 2023
    Print publication:
    11 May 2023, pp 23-47

  • Summary

    This chapter argues that the military and political history and prosopography of the early fifth century cannot be reconciled with the existence of the Notitia system. Specifically, the military challenges the east Roman empire faced during this period, most notably Alaric’s depredations in the Balkans, Gaïnas’ revolt in Asia Minor, and attempts to prop up the struggling western empire, all point to a systemic under-militarization in the east that forced Constantinople to rely heavily on barbarian manpower, often with calamitous results. By the 420s, we find evidence for a gradual remilitarization taking place in the east, which set the stage for the major reforms of the 440s.

  • 13 - Warfare and diplomacy

  • from PART IV - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND THE BARBARIAN WORLD
  • Edited by Averil Cameron, University of Oxford, Peter Garnsey, University of Cambridge
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Ancient History
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    11 December 1997, pp 411-436

  • Summary

    In the Roman tradition diplomacy, that is, 'direct communication state-to-state', was viewed mainly as an adjunct or epilogue to war, as when a victorious general negotiated the surrender of a defeated enemy, or an alliance was struck for a military goal, or a truce was agreed to forestall an attack or bury the dead. Information from the works, contextualized by the enormous amount of data now available from archaeology, makes it possible to construct a fairly ample account of the warfare of the period. The Greek and Latin sources begin to show a greater interest in diplomatic activity only during the later part of the reign of Theodosius II. Diocletian and Constantine completed the work of the third-century soldier-emperors in saving the Roman empire from its external enemies. The dangers latent in the federate settlements became clear soon after the death of Theodosius and the division of the empire between his ineffective sons, Arcadius and Honorius.