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3 results

  • 6 - Attention and Perception

  • Heather Bortfeld, University of California, Merced, Silvia A. Bunge, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book:
    Fundamentals of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
    Published online:
    11 January 2024
    Print publication:
    01 February 2024, pp 155-198

  • Summary

    Traditionally, brain development was assumed to begin post-birth, detached from sensory experiences. However, recent revelations challenge this notion, demonstrating that infants respond to sensory stimuli before birth. This chapter explores early sensory development in infants, starting in the womb. We investigate the evolution of attention in infants, encompassing its various forms and developmental trajectories. Attention plays a pivotal role in their engagement with the environment. Subsequently, we delve into perceptual learning, highlighting infants innate ability to discern patterns and create expectations. Our focus turns to auditory and visual processing, elucidating how infants perceive and interpret their surroundings. We dissect the neural mechanisms underpinning visual processing, with a special emphasis on face recognition as a model for perceptual learning and adaptability. Finally, we explore multisensory integration in infants, revealing how diverse sensory modalities develop in harmony, shaping their perception of the worlds patterns. This chapter unravels the intricate journey of sensory development in infants, illuminating the bedrock of their perceptual world.

  • ‘Wind turbine syndrome’: fact or fiction?

  • A Farboud, R Crunkhorn, A Trinidade
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 127 / Issue 3 / March 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 January 2013, pp. 222-226
    Print publication:
    March 2013
  • Objective:

    Symptoms, including tinnitus, ear pain and vertigo, have been reported following exposure to wind turbine noise. This review addresses the effects of infrasound and low frequency noise and questions the existence of ‘wind turbine syndrome’.

    Design:

    This review is based on a search for articles published within the last 10 years, conducted using the PubMed database and Google Scholar search engine, which included in their title or abstract the terms ‘wind turbine’, ‘infrasound’ or ‘low frequency noise’.

    Results:

    There is evidence that infrasound has a physiological effect on the ear. Until this effect is fully understood, it is impossible to conclude that wind turbine noise does not cause any of the symptoms described. However, many believe that these symptoms are related largely to the stress caused by unwanted noise exposure.

    Conclusion:

    There is some evidence of symptoms in patients exposed to wind turbine noise. The effects of infrasound require further investigation.

  • Inhibition of pericranial muscle activity, respiration, and heart rate enhances auditory sensitivity

  • J.J. STEKELENBURG, A. VAN BOXTEL
  • Journal:
    Psychophysiology / Volume 38 / Issue 4 / July 2001
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 July 2001, pp. 629-641
    Print publication:
    July 2001

  • We investigated whether previously observed inhibition of pericranial electromyographic (EMG) activity, respiration, and heart rate during sensory intake processes improves auditory sensitivity. Participants had to detect weak auditory stimuli. We found that EMG activity in masticatory and lower facial muscles, respiration, and heart rate were more strongly inhibited when stimulus intensity was gradually lowered to threshold level whereas EMG of upper facial muscles progressively increased. Detection of near-threshold stimuli was inversely related to prestimulus EMG levels in masticatory and lower facial muscles. In two additional experiments, it was investigated whether steady, voluntary contractions negatively influence auditory sensitivity. As expected, contraction of zygomaticus produced an increase in auditory threshold in comparison with contraction of corrugator or first dorsal interosseus. It is concluded that attention to external stimuli is accompanied by quieting of those somatic activities that produce internal noise or are accompanied by impaired middle ear transmission of auditory stimuli.