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2 results

  • 18 - Archaeological Sources

  • from Volume II Part 2 - Archaeological and Visual Sources
  • Edited by Michal Biran, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hodong Kim, Seoul National University
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
    Published online:
    01 January 2024
    Print publication:
    17 August 2023, pp 1312-1322

  • Summary

    Under the Ilkhanate (1260–1335), the Mongol state in West Asia, a number of cities and buildings were newly constructed. While some Islamic religious buildings such as mosques and tombs of religious figures have survived as functioning buildings or as ruins above ground, the capital cities and secular buildings established by the Ilkhans have been almost entirely lost, despite extensive contemporaneous information on them. Nevertheless, the remarkable progress in archaeological research since the twentieth century has unearthed several of them, as well as rock-cut structures. Such sites include the observatory in Maragha; three rock-cut structures in western Iran; the Ilkhanid summer quarters at Takht-i Sulaymān; the eighth Ilkhan Öljeitü’s capital city, Sultaniyya; and the charitable foundation called Rabʿ-i Rashīdī founded by Rashīd al-Dīn in the eastern suburb of Tabriz.

  • 8 - Religious practices

  • Edited by Donald H. Shively, University of California, Berkeley, William H. McCullough, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of Japan
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    28 July 1999, pp 517-575

  • Summary

    This chapter deals with the establishment of religion in Japan during the Heian era with a focus on presence or concurrent establishment of shrines in the immediate vicinity of temples, and about the growth and status of ritual practices in both shrines and temples. The creation of the Twenty-two Shrine-temple system, coupled with the reformulation of ritual procedures, was a momentous event indicative of what came to be the dominant ideology of the state. The frequency with which both ominous and auspicious natural events occurred during the Heian period indicates most clearly the mood of the times. The notable increase in records of natural occurrences interpreted as heavenly warnings or blessings is related to the evolution of the goryō belief system. The Heian period also saw Buddhist prelates going on pilgrimage to shrines in order to ask for the protection of the kami in their endeavor to achieve awakening.