New media such as internet-connected cameras in nestboxes can yield infra-red images in the dark leading to new insights and knowledge. Substantial new information has become available from the groundbreaking webcam project of Vogelbescherming Nederland Beleef de Lente that started in 2007 and continues to this day. Volunteers select video clips revealing as yet undiscovered remarkable behavior over 14 entire breeding seasons, day and night, from courtship to egg-laying, to the fledging of the young. Due to simpler and cheaper technology, more and more people have decided to install such cameras in their nestboxed which is expected to yield even more new knowledge in the future, opening unprecedented opportunities for citizen science. This chapter is complemented by a lot of information from the long-term research of Van Harxen and Stroeken (from 1986) in their study area in Southeast Achterhoek in the Netherlands.

The Little Owl has a generalist diet and takes a high diversity of small prey. It eats a range of small-sized prey across its entire distribution area. The diet varies with the season and the geographical area. From north to south and from winter to summer, an increase in the numbers of insects in the diet has been observed. However, small mammals remain the key prey category by biomass and energetic yield, contributing significantly to the ecology and welfare of the species. For insect-eating owl species it is difficult to get a true picture of its diet by only studying its pellets or prey remains in nestboxes, because they catch lots of prey, the remains of which are hard to find and identify in pellets. We present their relative proportion. In this chapter we look at this prey diversity through time and space, and focus on the hunting method of the owl, as well as caching behavior in larders. We offer a thorough review of the owl’s diet and individual prey species, with attention given to the importance of micromammals. Pellet contents are described in detail and comprehensive results of camera-observed breeding seasons are presented, principally stemming from our own research over 17 breeding seasons by camera observation in 2002-2020, totaling 34 916 prey items.