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5 results

  • 4 - Plastic

  • Dana Ellis Hunnes, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Book:
    Recipe for Survival
    Published online:
    06 January 2022
    Print publication:
    27 January 2022, pp 39-53

  • Summary

    We each use 150 plastic bottles and 300 single-use plastic bags every year. Very few of these get recycled. Plastic is used in everything because it is light, cheap, disposable, and virtually indestructible. Nearly 380 million tons of plastic are produced every year. Plastic is made from oil, natural gas, and other petroleum-derived chemicals that do not biodegrade and persist in the environment for hundreds or thousands of years. Every year nearly 9 million tons of plastic end up in the oceans, most of it single use, where it breaks down into small pieces known as microplastics, leaching chemicals (like BPA, styrene, and PCBs) into the ocean. Animals sometimes mistake microplastics for food and ingest them. This can block their digestive tracts leading to starvation, or allow chemicals and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) attached to the plastics to concentrate in their flesh and fats. When other animals (and humans) eat these smaller animals, chemical toxins – carcinogens and endocrine disruptors – bioaccumulate up the food chain and can affect health and fertility. Plastics also harm (or kill) coral reefs, fish, and other marine animals due to entanglement. We can and should reduce our use of plastics.

  • E-cigarettes in ENT: what do we need to know?

  • N Stobbs, A Lillis, N Kumar
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 130 / Issue 6 / June 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    19 April 2016, pp. 512-515
    Print publication:
    June 2016
  • Background:

    E-cigarette use in the UK is increasing and we are commonly encountering patients in the ENT clinic who are e-cigarette smokers. Currently, there is no regulatory body or licensing for e-cigarettes. This means that the contents, and therefore potential carcinogenic and toxic risks, can vary greatly from product to product. Patients are starting to ask about the risks of e-cigarettes and their use in smoking cessation.

    Objectives:

    This review aimed to examine the regulations, trends, and carcinogenic and health risks of e-cigarettes, and summarise the evidence for their use in smoking cessation. It also aimed to provide a general awareness regarding the advice and information that can be safely given to patients.

  • Laryngeal cancer after topical mitomycin C application

  • N Agrawal, G A Morrison
  • Journal:
    The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 120 / Issue 12 / December 2006
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 September 2006, pp. 1075-1076
    Print publication:
    December 2006

  • Mitomycin C is part of the mitomycin group of antibiotics and has found use in medicine in the treatment of various cancers, including those of the head and neck. In recent years, it has gained popularity as a topical treatment to prevent scar formation in the larynx and choanae in paediatric and adult inflammatory processes. Also, this alkylating agent is potentially a potent carcinogen. We report the first case in the world literature of laryngeal carcinoma in a non-smoking adult, which may have been induced by topical mitomycin C application to a glottic web. We discuss the mechanism of action of this drug, and we advise caution on its use for benign laryngeal pathologies.