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The reign of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus as senior and dominant emperor has long been viewed as the apogee of Byzantium as a great power resplendent in culture and learning. Constantine may have known of the example of early tenth-century emperor, who had also filled his palace with books and whose reputation for learning was known to the Byzantines: Symeon of Bulgaria. Sayf's army proved no match for the Byzantine heavy cavalry and he fled ignominiously. Byzantine soldiers entered the town on 23 December 962. That same year, a Byzantine force occupied Cyprus. The resentment of the Bulgarians at the dissolution of their state was exploited by four sons of an Armenian officer in the Byzantine occupation army. Bardas Skleros fled to Muslim territory and lengthy negotiations ensued between Byzantium and Baghdad. Byzantine authority was reimposed on north-east Bulgaria, and around 1002 Basil exploited his new-found control of the lower Danube to advance upstream.
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