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Italian and Frankish forms of Roman script were introduced by the missionaries into the areas of Britain occupied by the English. This chapter focuses on a period when contacts with the Continent and English and Irish contributions to Continental affairs were particularly notable. These contacts, furthermore, have to be set against the background of links with the Continent throughout the period of English settlement in sub-Roman Britain. Aside from the ever-growing quantity of archaeological evidence, the surviving books and texts considered in the chapter constitute the bedrock of evidence. Links between the British Isles and the Continent during the seventh century should first be considered within the context provided by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica for England's connections across the North Sea. The chapter looks only at the eastward direction of the exchange of texts between England and the Frankish kingdoms.
A compilation of Old Testament, liturgical and computistical texts that was written in northern France in the third quarter of the ninth century had apparently crossed the English Channel by the early tenth century when certain letters were retraced by an Anglo-Saxon hand. However, the volume ended up in Normandy, and subsequent additions suggest that it was there in the first half of the twelfth century and probably by 1100. This chapter deals with the books that were passed between England and the European Continent during the period c. 871 - c.1100. These include a copy of Boethius' De consolatione philosophiae, and the first stratum of the Leofric Missal. Anglo-Saxon use of imported books is variously attested by occasional glosses such as when a Continental copy of Prosper was supplied with a nearly continuous gloss in Old English. By the second half of the tenth century, the traffic in books had become a two-way street.
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