As usage of military artificial intelligence (AI) expands, so will anti-AI countermeasures, known as adversarials. International humanitarian law offers many protections through its obligations in attack, but the nature of adversarials generates ambiguity regarding which party (system user or opponent) should incur attacker responsibilities. This article offers a cognitive framework for legally analyzing adversarials. It explores the technical, tactical and legal dimensions of adversarials, and proposes a model based on foreseeable harm to determine when legal responsibility should transfer to the countermeasure's author. The article provides illumination to the future combatant who ponders, before putting on their adversarial sunglasses: “Am I conducting an attack?”

A speaker verification system automatically accepts or rejects a claimed identity of a speaker based on a speech sample. Recently, a major progress was made in speaker verification which leads to mass market adoption, such as in smartphone and in online commerce for user authentication. A major concern when deploying speaker verification technology is whether a system is robust against spoofing attacks. Speaker verification studies provided us a good insight into speaker characterization, which has contributed to the progress of voice conversion technology. Unfortunately, voice conversion has become one of the most easily accessible techniques to carry out spoofing attacks; therefore, presents a threat to speaker verification systems. In this paper, we will briefly introduce the fundamentals of voice conversion and speaker verification technologies. We then give an overview of recent spoofing attack studies under different conditions with a focus on voice conversion spoofing attack. We will also discuss anti-spoofing attack measures for speaker verification.

Fatigue has major implications for transportation system safety; therefore, investigating the psychophysiological links to fatigue could enhance our understanding and management of fatigue in the transport industry. This study examined the psychophysiological changes that occurred during a driver simulator task in 35 randomly selected subjects. Results showed that significant electroencephalographic changes occur during fatigue. Delta and theta activity were found to increase significantly during fatigue. Heart rate was significantly lower after the driving task. Blink rate also changed during the fatigue task. Increased trait anxiety, tension–anxiety, fatigue–inertia and reduced vigor–activity were shown to be associated with neurophysiological indicators of fatigue such as increased delta and theta activity. The results are discussed in light of directions for future studies and for the development of a fatigue countermeasure device.