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Chapter seven integrates the perspectives of followers and leaders to investigate the trajectories of charismatic movements starting from the moment when their founders disappear. To begin, I explain how, while generating tremendous political and economic volatility, the fitful pattern in which these movements develop reinforces, rather than dilutes, the personalistic nature of the movement. Subsequently, I trace the history of the Peronist movement from Perón’s exile in 1955 until 2015, when Peronist candidate Daniel Scioli lost the presidential election to Mauricio Macri, a non-Peronist. The analysis illustrates the endogenous nature of charismatic movement revival and explains how, paradoxically, such movements generate periods of political strength and coherence as well as periods of recession and political fragmentation, the latter of which, in turn, help prepare the ground for the movement’s re-emergence. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the fifth revival of Peronism in 2019 under Cristina Kirchner and her handpicked presidential candidate and running mate, Alberto Fernández.
Chapter six investigates the conditions under which new leaders can successfully tap into the charismatic founder’s legacy, reactivate citizens’ attachments, and return the movement to power. I identify three conditions that successors must fulfill to accomplish this task: They must (1) seek power as self-starters, long after the founder’s disappearance, rather than as anointed successors; (2) rise during a crisis to portray themselves as desperately needed saviors; and (3) adopt the founder’s personalistic style to revitalize and take ownership of the followers’ preexisting emotional bonds to the movement. Next, I demonstrate the relevance of these conditions by tracing the process through which several leaders across Peronism, Chavismo, and Peru’s Fujimorismo failed while others succeeded in reviving the movement. The results indicate that leaders who fulfilled all three conditions established formidable new chapters of the movement in their own name; in contrast, leaders who did not fulfill one or more of these conditions suffered a political failure.
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