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The target of this chapter is to give some rudiments of(paraconsistent) real analysis, a dissection of the linear continuumas that which has no gaps. Axioms for the reals as a totally orderedcomplete field are given and developed, with philosophicalconsiderations about the nature of points. Focus is on the topologyof the real line, establishing the general principle at stake: thatif a change occurs, it must occur somewhere. This is confirmed atthe intermediate value theorem. Along the way, the (continuous)sorites paradox is “recaptured,” the existence ofinfinitesimal quantities is floated, and a theorem is proved about“splitting” geometric points.
For an infinite cardinal ${\it\kappa}$, let $\text{ded}\,{\it\kappa}$ denote the supremum of the number of Dedekind cuts in linear orders of size ${\it\kappa}$. It is known that ${\it\kappa}<\text{ded}\,{\it\kappa}\leqslant 2^{{\it\kappa}}$ for all ${\it\kappa}$ and that $\text{ded}\,{\it\kappa}<2^{{\it\kappa}}$ is consistent for any ${\it\kappa}$ of uncountable cofinality. We prove however that $2^{{\it\kappa}}\leqslant \text{ded}(\text{ded}(\text{ded}(\text{ded}\,{\it\kappa})))$ always holds. Using this result we calculate the Hanf numbers for the existence of two-cardinal models with arbitrarily large gaps and for the existence of arbitrarily large models omitting a type in the class of countable dependent first-order theories. Specifically, we show that these bounds are as large as in the class of all countable theories.
A box type is an n-type of an o-minimal structure which is uniquely determined by the projections to the coordinate axes. We characterize heirs of box types of a polynomially bounded o-minimal structure M. From this, we deduce various structure theorems for subsets of Mk, definable in the expansion of M by all convex subsets of the line. We show that after naming constants, is model complete provided M is model complete.
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