Chapter 6 extends the discussion of multilingual development to the so-called New Englishes as symbolic systems that developed in the former colonial territories and continued to develop after the collapse of the British Empire in the newly created independent polities. More precisely, the focus here lies on outer circle Englishes in the sense of Kachru (1985). The New Englishes are analyzed from the perspective of their surrounding multilingual ecologies and not, as is more customary, in terms of hermetically delineated national varieties of English. On that account, the chapter focuses on recent – and also more historical – multilingual outcomes of globalization where English plays a prominent role, has been incorporated into the local ecologies, interacts with many other languages, and shows or is beginning to show traces of localization or nativization. Case studies include Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dubai. The chapter thus brings together the key issues discussed in the preceding chapters – globalization, migration, urban areas, multilingual advantages or effects, cross-linguistic influence, language acquisition and learning, language policies, identities, and attitudes – and pivots them on contexts of particular prominence.

Chapter 6 examines the Muslim Family Laws of the United Arab Emirates, Tunisia, and Malaysia in light of their jurisprudence on jurisdiction. The selection of these states represents a geographically, culturally, and legally diverse sample, across which Islamic Law remains legally relevant. The chapter examines how differing approaches to jurisdiction or child custody have been adopted and what the implications of these are or may be in the context of seeking to address international parental child abduction. The selected case studies highlight different approaches that lend themselves to finding solutions to addressing international parental child abductions. One matter that traverses all three case studies concerns the capacity of domestic judges, with subject matter jurisdiction on family law, to think jurisdictionally. As the case studies show, a key concern for policy-makers in Muslim Family Law States has been to consider a whole-of-law approach to jurisprudence. For others, the challenge lies in recognising the Muslim Family Law States as disaggregated institutionally, and to strategise approaches that are institution-specific.

This chapter examines the intersection between Trucial States, Iran, and the British during the interwar years with a particular emphasis on the crises of 1926‒1929. The events surrounding Iran's reoccupation of Hengam in 1928 and capture of an Arab dhow off the coast of Greater Tunb Island can serve as an apt example of how the Arab rulers and merchants of the Gulf perceived Iran and the British during the interwar years. The chapter concludes with an examination of the shifting power distribution within the shaykhdoms in the 1930s, due to the collapse of the pearl industry and the rise of revenues from air and oil agreements, with particular attention to the position of the Iranian immigrant communities in the Trucial States