This chapter provides details of serological tests which can be used to detect viral antibodies or antigens in serum, saliva or urine (e.g. ELISA, EIA, IF, CFT, HAI, neutralisation, Western blot, line immunoassays and avidity tests). It details the utility of each test.

Chapter 5 studies the regulatory control of air pollution under the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (APPCL) (2015) and relevant state plans and regulations including the 12th Five Year Plan on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Key Regions (2012), the Action Plan on Air Pollution Prevention and Control (2013), and the Three-Year Action Plan on Winning the Battle of Blue Sky Protection (2018). The chapter starts with a review of the statutory control of air pollution from APPCL (1987) and discusses fundamental principles and technical mechanisms. It examines the command-and-control approach to air pollution including standard-setting, government planning, and key mechanisms to prevent and control air pollution. It further investigates different tools targeting different sources of air pollution including stationary sources and mobile sources, highlighting the importance of regional cooperation and emergency response to heavy pollution weather conditions. The chapter concludes with discussion of strengthened environmental enforcement and sanction under APPCL (2015).

A variety of studies have investigated endocrinological aspects of ecology, cooperation and immune system activation in Taï chimpanzees, making use of the ever-growing number of validated biomarkers used on non-invasive samples by the endocrinology laboratory at the MPI EVAN. In particular, the measurement of urinary oxytocin allows for insights into benefits of food-sharing, bonds and the potential physiological mechanism behind cooperation. Measures of urinary cortisol in combination with creatinine and C-peptide allow for the investigation of causes of seasonal variation in stress levels while patterns of immune system activation are monitored by the measurement of urinary neopterin. Future studies will profit from combined analysis of endocrine and immune parameters in relation to behaviour and reproductive success to investigate life-history trade-offs. Across-site comparisons of behaviour and endocrine patterns will help us to understand how variation in ecological and physiological parameters form the social setting of a population which leads to relatively low intergroup hostility, low leverage of males over females and relatively high levels of female sociality at Taï.