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5 results

  • Impact of a gestational exposure to diesel exhaust on offspring gonadal development: experimental study in the rabbit

  • Part of
  • M. Bourdon, L. Torres-Rovira, D. Monniaux, C. Faure, R. Levy, A. Tarrade, D. Rousseau-Ralliard, P. Chavatte-Palmer, G. Jolivet
  • Journal:
    Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease / Volume 9 / Issue 5 / October 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 June 2018, pp. 519-529

  • The aim of the present work was to address experimentally the possible impact of exposure to air pollution during gestation on the differentiation and function of the gonads of the offspring using a rabbit model. Rabbits were exposed daily to diluted diesel exhaust gas or filtered air from the 3rd until the 27th day of gestation, during which time germ cells migrate in genital ridges and divide, and fetal sex is determined. Offspring gonads were collected shortly before birth (28th day of gestation) or after puberty (7.5 months after birth). The structure of the gonads was analyzed by histological and immunohistological methods. Serum concentrations of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone were determined using ELISA. The morphology and the endocrine function of the gonads collected just at the arrest of the exposure were similar in polluted and control animals in both sexes. No differences were observed as well in gonads collected after puberty. Sperm was collected at the head of the epididymis in adults. Sperm motility and DNA fragmentation were measured. Among all parameters analyzed, only the sperm DNA fragmentation rate was increased three-fold in exposed males. Mechanisms responsible for these modifications and their physiological consequences are to be further clarified.

  • Chapter 11 - Management of diabetes in paediatric surgery

  • from Section 2 - Perioperative care of the patient with diabetes mellitus
  • Edited by George M. Hall, St George's Hospital, London, Jennifer M. Hunter, University of Liverpool, Mark S. Cooper, University of Birmingham
  • Book:
    Core Topics in Endocrinology in Anaesthesia and Critical Care
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    01 April 2010, pp 109-116

  • Summary

    This chapter considers the basic anatomy and physiology of the parathyroid gland, followed by its pathologies and their implications for anaesthesia. There are usually two pairs of parathyroid gland, superior and inferior, each measuring 4 x 2 x 6 mm, surrounded by fat and each weighing approximately 25-40 mg. About 80-90% of patients have four parathyroids. Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid chief cells in response to the fall in the level of circulating, free calcium. The clinical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism has altered over the past century. It is a commonly recognised endocrine disorder, with the number of parathyroidectomies increasing each year. The gold standard of treatment and the only hope of cure is surgical parathyroidectomy. Preoperative intravenous infusion of methylene blue is used to identify the parathyroid glands, and in open or minimally invasive surgery the operative times can be reduced.

  • 18 - Endocrine disorders

  • from Part III - Working with specific units
  • Edited by Geoffrey Lloyd, Priory Hospital, London, Elspeth Guthrie, University of Manchester
  • Book:
    Handbook of Liaison Psychiatry
    Published online:
    10 December 2009
    Print publication:
    24 May 2007, pp 432-453

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews available data in relation to the characteristics and frequency of specific psychiatric syndromes in primary endocrine disturbances. Hypocalcaemia is considered to be the fundamental cause of the psychological symptoms. In asymptomatic patients with calcium levels at the lower limit of normal (partial parathyroid insufficiency), anxiety, depression and related symptoms may be episodic, precipitated by calcium deprivation. A double-blind trial of calcium vs. placebo in these patients was effective in reducing symptomatology. Hyperprolactinaemia is a frequent disturbance in clinical endocrinology, mostly due to prolactinomas in women. Psychiatric presentations in Cushing's syndrome are well substantiated. Depression has been documented in most studies, and clinical experience suggests that its assessment may be critical. Acromegaly, the disease due to overproduction of pituitary growth hormone, has been associated with psychiatric manifestations, but the existing documentation is limited and recent studies suggest lower rates of psychiatric morbidity.

  • 1 - Historical overview

    • By Robert J. Shprintzen, Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Study of Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome Syracuse, New York, USA
  • Edited by Kieran C. Murphy, Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Peter J. Scambler, Institute of Child Health, University College London
  • Book:
    Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome
    Published online:
    11 August 2009
    Print publication:
    30 June 2005, pp 1-18

  • Summary

    The recognition of velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) as a specific congenital malformation syndrome is a relatively recent development for so common a disorder. The failure to recognize VCFS earlier is probably related to a number of factors. Therefore, with the larger pattern of anomalies going undetected as a syndromic association, many earlier clinicians and researchers reported on the individual components of the syndrome as the focus of investigation, such as the speech problems, immune deficiency, endocrine disorders, and heart anomalies. As molecular genetics research moved forward, a number of candidate genes for the development of heart anomalies were identified. Molecular analysis showed that two of 100 cases studied had 22q11.2 deletions indicating that among people diagnosed as schizophrenic, there were likely to be individuals with VCFS. It was suggested that the psychiatric illness seen in individuals with VCFS was syndrome-specific and therefore was atypical for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.