This chapter focuses on the specific role of social movements and NGOs in energy policy-making in the CEE region. This is structured through a series of case studies that highlight contemporary energy policy issues, specifically with relation to energy pricing, issues of equity and energy poverty, nuclear energy, shale gas and renewable energy. The chapter examines how these issues are framed, justified and legitimised, and the extent of broader societal participation and support. To provide context this chapter considers the developing role of civil society in the region, including legacies of socialism, the historical and contemporary role for societal input into general policy-making, changes in state-civil society relations and the development of NGOs and interest groups and their influence on climate and energy policy. It studies these issues in four sub-sections: energy poverty, the shale gas debate and the role of opposition on environmental grounds, nuclear energy and public participation, and local and community energy initiatives.

Chapter 2 conceptualises the phenomenon of exporting the internal market acquis and thereby expanding the internal market to non-EU Member States without membership in the Union. The Chapter explores the evolving role of the internal market acquis in the EU’s external relations by analysing the dynamics between the aims of various international instruments and the character and scope of the internal market acquis contained therein. The various functions of the acquis are identified and shown in a progression in time and across various country groups in the EU’s neighbourhood.