Long-term marine monitoring programmes have provided numerous quantitative data on the composition of North Sea benthic communities and their changes over time, including species introductions. Particularly in the German Bight, the rapid environmental and hydrographical changes are promoting the spreading (usually anthropogenically mediated) of neobiota, with more than 150 species being registered to date. During routine seafloor monitoring, grab samples taken on the subtidal sandbank of the Borkum Reef Ground revealed the presence of the polychaete Streptosyllis nunezi in different years, a species previously unreported in the southern North Sea. In this paper, these individuals are described morphologically and the population status is discussed. Our finding demonstrates the importance of intensive and regular environmental monitoring programmes for the assessment of regional biodiversity and its potential changes.

Since the start of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been interest in using wastewater monitoring as an approach for disease surveillance. A significant uncertainty that would improve the interpretation of wastewater monitoring data is the intensity and timing with which individuals shed RNA from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into wastewater. By combining wastewater and case surveillance data sets from a university campus during a period of heightened surveillance, we inferred that individual shedding of RNA into wastewater peaks on average 6 days (50% uncertainty interval (UI): 6–7; 95% UI: 4–8) following infection, and that wastewater measurements are highly overdispersed [negative binomial dispersion parameter, k = 0.39 (95% credible interval: 0.32–0.48)]. This limits the utility of wastewater surveillance as a leading indicator of secular trends in SARS-CoV-2 transmission during an epidemic, and implies that it could be most useful as an early warning of rising transmission in areas where transmission is low or clinical testing is delayed or of limited capacity.

The taxonomy of the genus Sticta in Hawaii is reassessed, based on a separately published molecular phylogeny using the fungal barcoding marker ITS. Based on Magnusson and Zahlbruckner's treatment from 1943 and Magnusson's catalogue from 1955, seven species of Sticta and three infraspecific taxa had been reported from the archipelago, all widespread except the putative endemic S. plumbicolor. Here we provide a taxonomic treatment of 13 taxa, 12 species and one subspecies, distinguished in a previous phylogenetic analysis: S. acyphellata, S. andina, S. antoniana, S. emmanueliana, S. flynnii, S. fuliginosa, S. hawaiiensis, S. limbata, S. plumbicolor, S. scabrosa subsp. hawaiiensis, S. smithii, S. tomentosa and S. waikamoi. All taxa are described, discussed and illustrated and a dichotomous key is presented. The implications of revised species taxonomies for studies in other fields such as ecology, ecophysiology, biogeography, biochemistry, and applications such as environmental monitoring are discussed. We also propose a protocol to use Sticta lichens to monitor the environmental health of Hawaiian ecosystems.

This paper addresses the issue of monitoring spatial environmental phenomena of interest utilizing information collected by a network of mobile, wireless, and noisy sensors that can take discrete measurements as they navigate through the environment. It is proposed to employ Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) represented on an irregular discrete lattice by using the stochastic partial differential equations method to model the physical spatial field. It then derives a GMRF-based approach to effectively predict the field at unmeasured locations, given available observations, in both centralized and distributed manners. Furthermore, a novel but efficient optimality criterion is then proposed to design centralized and distributed adaptive sampling strategies for the mobile robotic sensors to find the most informative sampling paths in taking future measurements. By taking advantage of conditional independence property in the GMRF, the adaptive sampling optimization problem is proven to be resolved in a deterministic time. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is compared and demonstrated using pre-published data sets with appealing results.

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the tritium content of “reference waters”in real working conditions by French laboratories involved in environmental monitoring.Reference waters are virtually tritium-free waters used to determine blanks for theanalytical system and to check for any contamination. It is therefore crucial to be sureof the low tritium content of these waters as this can limit the sensitivity and accuracyof the measurements. Water from the commercial brand “Abatilles” is widely used in Frenchlaboratories and nine samples were analyzed in this study. Three samples from other deepaquifers were also included. The results all range from 0.004 ± 0.004 Bq/kg to 0.175 ± 0.011 Bq/kg, well below the 0.5Bq/kg advised by the French Safety Authority. The spread of the results can mainly beattributed to contamination through plastic during bottle storage. As expected, twosamples from demineralized tap water showed higher tritium activities (0.3–0.35 Bq/kg).Both waters are suitable as reference water for routine monitoring (DL of about 10 Bq/kg)but should be used with caution for activities in the Bq/kg range.

The built environment is subjected to several pollutants under variable environmental conditions defined by diverse geochemical systems. These geochemical systems promote the occurrence of neoformations that can have a detrimental effect on surfaces of the building materials. Hence, the study of neoformations helps in the understanding of weathering processes that affect built structures. In the present paper we present a scanning electron microscopy study of macroscopic manifestations of neoformations detected during an extensive visual survey of several modern architectural works in urban areas of northern and central Portugal. The studies performed suggest that cementitious materials play an important role as a source of pollutants for the most common neoformations such as carbonate rich stains and coatings, as well as salt efflorescences of alkaline sulphates and carbonates. There are also indications of contributions from organic sources for alkaline nitrates and atmospheric pollution for gypsum-rich black crusts. Other less common neoformations include phosphate aggregates and silica stains that represent interesting indicators of the geochemical systems in built environments. In the case of carbonate-rich coatings, indications of recurrence related to the circulation of carbonate forming solutions relevant to the maintenance of built surfaces were detected.

The nuclear reactor remote monitoring system of the federal state of Baden- Wuerttemberg(KFUe BW) is realized according to the renewed “recommendations for remote monitoring ofnuclear power plants” (BMU, 2005a). The spectrum of the system covers both, pursuit ofoperational procedures, and incidents or accidents. The KFUe BW provides a measurementnetwork and information system for operational parameters at the plant sites as well asradiological and meteorological measurements in their vicinity. For the Ministry, itpreferentially serves as an instrument of nuclear supervision. This paper gives a briefsurvey of the system architecture and concentrates on the role of the KFUe with respect tothe determination and evaluation of the radiological situation in the range of off-siteemergency management.

The unusually strong earthquake in Japan on 11 March 2011 and the following extremetsunami caused enormous damage in the buildings of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant(NPP) situated on the Pacific coastline of Japan. The accident led to the release of alarge amount of radioactive material into the environment. According to the measurementsof the Radiological Monitoring and Data Acquisitions Network (RAMDAN) the radioactiveplume reached Hungary on 24 March 2011. The main volatile fission products –131I, 134Cs, and 137Cs radioisotopes – were measurable in aerosoland fallout samples in Hungary. Their activity concentration in air reached the maximumvalue in the last days of March and returned to the background level in the first half ofMay. As a consequence of respiration of contaminated air, a maximum of 1 Bq per capita of131I could be accumulated in the thyroid gland of the Hungarian population during thegiven period. The calculated upper limits of the committed effective dose from inhalationof 131I were 4 nSv and 10 nSv to the Hungarian adults and infants,respectively. These values are a hundred thousand times less than the annual radiationdose from natural sources to the Hungarian population. The radiation dose from radioactivecaesium isotopes originating from Fukushima was even less, around 1 nSv on average, toHungarian residents. No health deterioration can be expected from this radiationburden.

Fossil fuels are used throughout the United States Antarctic Program. Accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons are the leading source of environmental contamination. Since 1999 McMurdo Station has been the site of the most extensive environmental monitoring programme in Antarctica. Nearly 2500 surface soil samples were collected from 1999–2007 to determine the spatial “footprint” of petroleum hydrocarbons. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations were measured using a high-resolution capillary gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detection. Three distinct TPH patterns were detected: low molecular weight gasoline/JP5/AN8, residual weathered petroleum and an unresolved complex mixture of high molecular weight material. Overall TPH concentrations were low with 38% of the samples having TPH concentrations below 30 ppm and 58% below 100 ppm. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations above 30 ppm are largely confined to the central portions of the station, along roads and in other areas where elevated TPH would be expected. Peripheral areas typically have TPH concentrations below 15 ppm. Areas of elevated TPH concentrations are patchy and of limited spatial extent, seldom extending over distances of 100 m. This environmental monitoring programme is ongoing and can serve as an example to other Antarctic programmes concerned with monitoring environmental impacts.

The assessment of the radiological impact of a decommissionednuclear power plant is presented here through the results of anenvironmental monitoring survey carried out in the area surroundingthe Garigliano Power Plant. The levels of radioactivity in soil,water, air and other environmental matrices are shown, in whichα, β and γ activity and the γ equivalent dose rate are measured.Radioactivity levels of the samples from the Garigliano area areanalyzed and then compared with those from a control zone situatedmore than 100 km away. Moreover, a comparison is made with a previous surveycarried out in 2001. The analyses and comparisons show no significantalteration in the radiological characteristics of the area surroundingthe plant, with the overall radioactivity depending mainly on theglobal fallout and natural sources.

Le 17 septembre 2009, un exercice de crise national a eu lieu sur le site du Commissariatà l’énergie atomique (CEA) de Saclay. Le scénario choisi était la fusion à l’air d’unélément combustible du réacteur de recherche OSIRIS. L’objectif de cet exercice étaitd’atteindre le niveau d’intervention conduisant à la distribution d’iode stable àVilliers-le-Bâcle. Pour que l’exercice puisse se dérouler de façon optimale, il étaitimportant de simuler un ensemble d’appareils utilisés par les personnels réalisant lesmesures pour le compte des pouvoirs publics ou de l’exploitant et ceci à n’importe quelendroit de l’espace et moment de la mesure. Au vu du grand nombre de données à fournir entemps réel, il était illusoire de vouloir utiliser un logiciel de calcul de typedispersion atmosphérique le jour de l’exercice. En effet, les temps de réponse de ce typede code ne sont pas compatibles avec la réponse opérationnelle attendue par les acteurs del’exercice. Il a donc été décidé de mettre au point une méthode permettant de répondrerapidement à chacune des demandes des acteurs de terrain, quelle que soit la grandeurdemandée, l’heure de la demande et la position du point de mesure. Cet article décrit laméthode et les outils ayant permis de simuler ces grandeurs. Douze grandeurs ont étésimulées en 1000 points de mesures dans un domaine spatial de 60 km2 et pour 18instants de calcul, le tout représentant plus de 200 000 valeurs. La préparation a demandé6 semaines de travail. Ceci a permis aux scénaristes de répondre à l’ensemble dessollicitations des acteurs de terrain dans des temps très rapides. Les personnels assurantles mesures ont réalisé des mesures sur environ 250 points (dans l’espace et le temps)représentant de l’ordre de 1000 valeurs.

Research in extremely delicate environments must be sensitive to the need to minimize impacts caused simply through the presence of research personnel. This study investigates the effectiveness of current advice relating to travel on foot over Antarctic vegetation-free soils. These are based on the concentration of impacts through the creation of properly signed and identified paths. In order to address these impacts, we quantified three factors - resistance to compression, bulk density and free-living terrestrial arthropod abundance - in areas of human activity over five summer field seasons at the Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands). Studies included instances of both experimentally controlled use and natural non-controlled situations. The data demonstrate that a minimum human presence is sufficient to alter both physical and biological characteristics of Byers Peninsula soils, although at the lowest levels of human activity this difference was not significant in comparison with adjacent undisturbed control areas. On the other hand, a limited resilience of physical properties was observed in Antarctic soils, thus it is crucial not to exceed the soil's natural recovery capability.

In the austral summer of 1991–92, 120 sample plots were established along 11 transects at various distances from the Swedish research stations Wasa and Svea in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. These plots were re-examined in 2001–02 to evaluate overall changes and possible local impact from human activities around the research stations on the terrestrial vegetation, formed by lichens and mosses. The results showed high consistencies over the ten years, but nevertheless suggest a slight overall increase in both lichen species density and abundance, measured as the number of lichen records. We did not find evidence for any severe human impact on the lichens and mosses around the research stations. However, sample plots located close to the Svea station had been affected by station maintenance, which has caused local decline of lichen species such as Umbilicaria decussata. In contrast to the overall consistency and slight increase in lichens we found a decline of Rhizoplaca melanophthalma.

Dans ce travail sont présentées quelques activités des groupes SADVI (Service d’Application des Détecteurs Visuels), LAM (Laboratoire d’Analyses et de Mesures) et RaMsEs (Radioprotection et Mesures environnementales) qui se sont succédés à l’IPHC de Strasbourg ces dernières années. Les résultats concernent : la R&D en métrologie des rayonnements ionisants, les applications des détecteurs solides de traces, les émulsions nucléaires en biologie spatiale, la thermoluminescence pour la datation archéologique, la dosimétrie neutron et les mesures de la radioactivité dans l’environnement par spectrométrie α, β et γ.

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) may soon be cultivated commercially in several member countries of the European Union (EU). According to EU Directive 2001/18/EC, post-market monitoring (PMM) for commercial GMP cultivation must be implemented, in order to detect and prevent adverse effects on human health and the environment. However, no general PMM strategies for GMP cultivation have been established so far. We present a conceptual framework for the design of environmental PMM for GMP cultivation based on current EU legislation and common risk analysis procedures. We have established a comprehensive structure of the GMP approval process, consisting of pre-market risk assessment (PMRA) as well as PMM. Both programs can be distinguished conceptually due to principles inherent to risk analysis procedures. The design of PMM programs should take into account the knowledge gained during approval for commercialization of a specific GMP and the decisions made in the environmental risk assessments (ERAs). PMM is composed of case-specific monitoring (CSM) and general surveillance. CSM focuses on anticipated effects of a specific GMP. Selection of case-specific indicators for detection of ecological exposure and effects, as well as definition of effect sizes, are important for CSM. General surveillance is designed to detect unanticipated effects on general safeguard subjects, such as natural resources, which must not be adversely affected by human activities like GMP cultivation. We have identified clear conceptual differences between CSM and general surveillance, and propose to adopt separate frameworks when developing either of the two programs. Common to both programs is the need to put a value on possible ecological effects of GMP cultivation. The structure of PMM presented here will be of assistance to industry, researchers, and regulators, when assessing GMPs during commercialization.