In this chapter, we discuss the fundamentals of case study research. First of all, we discuss the research functions underlying research questions (i.e. exploratory and explanatory). Different types of explanatory research questions catering to the research functions are discussed next. Depending on the focal variable, these questions are termed X-centered (focusing on the independent variable X), Y-centered (focusing on the dependent variable Y), and X&Y centered (focusing on X and Y). The importance of the context (Z) is discussed afterwards. The logical reasonings underpinning case study research (i.e. induction, deduction, and abduction) are also discussed. The chapter also addresses some common (mis)conceptions regarding the research functions, research questions, research context, and logical reasoning.

We introduce and define the single holistic case study design in this chapter. The strengths of the design are discussed in detail, with examples. In particular, we discuss the potential of single holistic design in providing a detailed explanation of processes. Single holistic case studies also explore the theorizing potential of unique cases which hold the potential to reveal new dimensions of a phenomenon or falsify/refute an existing theory. Relatively high data access, construct validity, potential to include an unlimited number of variables, etc., are some other strengths that we discuss. The weaknesses of the design (i.e. low internal and external validity) are discussed afterwards. The chapter also addresses some common (mis)conceptions regarding single holistic designs and their external validity.