To examine the association between language use – predominantly English, English and Spanish equally and predominantly Spanish – and food insecurity among Hispanic adults residing in the USA, 1999–2018.

Pooled cross-sectional study design.

United States.

15 073 Hispanic adults.

Compared with Hispanic adults who predominantly spoke English and after adjusting for age, sex, family income-to-poverty ratio, education level and employment status, Hispanic adults who spoke English and Spanish equally (OR = 1·28, 95 % CI = 1·05, 1·56) or predominantly Spanish (OR = 1·25, 95 % CI = 1·04, 1·49) had higher odds of food insecurity. After stratifying by country of birth, language use was associated with higher odds of food insecurity only for Hispanic adults born outside of the USA, but not for Hispanic adults born in the USA. Hispanic adults born outside of the USA who spoke English and Spanish equally (OR = 1·27, 95 % CI = 1·04, 1·55) or spoke predominantly Spanish (OR = 1·24, 95 % CI = 1·04, 1·48) had higher odds of food insecurity when compared with those who predominantly spoke English.

Foreign-born Hispanic adults who speak predominantly Spanish, or English and Spanish equally, have higher odds of food insecurity. Food and nutrition assistance programmes that serve Hispanic immigrants should make sure to provide linguistically and culturally appropriate services to this population.