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Medical morbidity and mortality levels remain elevated in people with schizophrenia compared with the general population. Despite the increasing recognition of an excess of physical health problems in this population, health screening remains limited. Medical risk in this population can be related to a variety of sources. The disease process itself as well as poor diet and sedentary lifestyle contribute to the overall physical health problems. In addition antipsychotic medication can contribute to the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic problems. The Dundee Health Screening Clinic was developed to address the needs of this population by monitoring physical health and providing follow-up to ensure that patients received the necessary care. The Clinic demonstrates how a coordinated approach can be used to take simple steps to improve the overall well-being of these patients. It was set up by adapting the manpower resources and procedures of the community mental health team and local resource centre, without specific additional funding. Simple clinical measurements and tests were conducted in the Clinic and patients clearly demonstrated on a satisfaction questionnaire that they considered the health checks important. This Clinic is an example of how a holistic approach can impact on both the physical and mental well-being of patients and offer them improved care and therefore a better quality of life.
Severe mental disorders have a chronic course associated with a high risk for co-morbid somatic illnesses and premature mortality, but despite this increased risk, general health care needs in this population are often neglected. Over recent years, several groups have developed screening and monitoring guidelines for metabolic and cardiovascular risk assessment in patients treated with antipsychotics. The psychiatrist needs to be aware of the potential metabolic side-effects of antipsychotic medication and to include them in the risk/benefit assessment when choosing a specific antipsychotic. He should also be responsible for the implementation of the necessary screening assessments and referral for treatment of any physical illness. Multidisciplinary assessment of psychiatric and medical conditions is needed. The somatic treatments offered to people with severe and enduring mental illness should be at par with general health care in the non-psychiatrically ill population. In our University Centre, a structured and elaborate screening and monitoring protocol was introduced in late 2003. This paper describes the practical aspects of this monitoring protocol and the results obtained 4 years after its implementation.
In April 2014, the Sewol ferry sank off the coast of Korea, resulting in 304 deaths. Of these, 250 were local high school students from Ansan, and the disaster severely affected their community. This study investigated the association of this disaster with health examination, cancer screening rate, and vaccination rate.
Methods:
The study subjects were adults ages ≥19 years (11 026 Ansan residents and 1 361 624 non-residents of Ansan) who participated in the 2011–2016 Korea Community Health Survey. The national health screening program examination rate, cancer screening rate, and influenza vaccination rate in Ansan residents and non-residents were assessed and their responses compared using chi-square tests, multiple logistic regression analyses, and a stratification analysis according to depression.
Results:
After the disaster (2014–2016), non-residents received more health screening (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.13, P < 0.001), cancer screening (aOR = 1.41, P < 0.001), and vaccination (aOR = 1.10, P = 0.002) than Ansan residents. This difference was more evident in the group without a depressive mood.
Conclusion:
People living in disaster areas show lower rates of medical screening examination and receive fewer vaccinations after the disaster. To decrease health impacts by disaster, efforts to increase community health screenings and vaccinations may be needed.
We sought to determine whether the introduction of a health screening and promotion clinic might serve as a useful addition to existing services for patients prescribed antipsychotic medication. In particular, we wished to assess whether such a clinic might improve adherence to best practice guidelines. We also wished to determine the level of patient interest in such a clinic and how readily this service might be provided within the constraints of existing clinical resources.
Methods
We conducted an audit of outpatient records before and following the introduction of a health screening and promotion clinic.
Results
Of the eligible patients, 73% attended the clinic. The proportion of patients who had fasting blood tests within the previous 12 months increased from 45% at baseline to 85% at follow-up (χ2 = 14.1, p < 0.001). The proportion of patients with appropriate physical observations completed increased from 5% at baseline to 80% at follow-up (χ2 = 46.0, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
We found that the introduction of a health screening and promotion clinic improved adherence to best practice guidelines. This service was well received and readily provided within the constraints of existing resources. Ultimately, the structure of services to screen and advise patients prescribed antipsychotic medication will be determined by local resource considerations and configuration of services.
Awareness of parasite risks in translocations has prompted the development of parasite management protocols, including parasite risk assessment, parasite screening and treatments. However, although the importance of such measures seems obvious it is difficult to know whether the measures taken are effective, especially when working with wild populations. We review current methods in one extensively researched case study, the endemic New Zealand passerine bird, the hihi Notiomystis cincta. Our review is structured around four of the 10 questions proposed by Armstrong & Seddon (Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2008: 23, 20–25) for reintroduction biology. These four questions can be related directly to parasites and parasite management and we recommend using this framework to help select and justify parasite management. Our retrospective study of recent disease and health screening in hihi reveals only partial overlap with these questions. Current practice does not focus on, or aim to reduce, the uncertainty in most steps of the risk assessment process or on evaluating whether the measures are effective. We encourage targeted parasite management that builds more clearly on available disease risk assessment methodologies and integrates these tools within a complete reintroduction plan.
Annual physical health checks are recommended for patients with severe mental illness (SMI) as this group has a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease than the rest of the general population. There is little guidance for healthcare professionals to assist them in encouraging patients to attend a health check.
Aims
To explore whether an invitation appointment letter is effective in prompting patients with SMI to attend a physical health check in primary care compared with those with diabetes.
Method
A retrospective audit comparing the response rate of patients with SMI and diabetes to an appointment letter inviting them to attend a primary care health check.
Results
Two-thirds (n = 61, 66%) of the patients with SMI (n = 92) and three-quarters (n = 338, 81%) of those with diabetes (n = 416) attended the practice on the date and time stipulated in the letter. Patients with diabetes were 2.2 times more likely to attend a health check compared with those with SMI (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.13–3.62).
Conclusion
Although attendance rates were lower than in patients with diabetes, they were higher than expected from the SMI group. An invitation appointment letter is an effective way of ensuring that patients with SMI have a physical health check.
This study applied a theory-based questionnaire to examine the behaviours and beliefs of all practice staff who may be involved in offering chlamydia screens to young people aged 15–25 years old. We aimed to identify potential influencing factors and examine the organisational constraints, which may be amenable to change.
Background
The National Chlamydia Screening Programme offers opportunistic screening to men and women between 15 and 25 years old who have ever had sexual intercourse and primary care is the second largest source of screens. In England 15.9% of the target group were screened against a target of 17% in 2008. Interventions to improve the frequency of offers have shown effects with volunteer practices.
Methods
A survey of 85 General Practices was completed by 55 doctors, nurses and receptionists. Interviews were conducted with 12 staff from three practices.
Findings
Respondents were unable to identify the national screening target. Only half record if a patient is sexually active. Half the sample had some recollection of the frequency of offers they made, with a mean of 4 per month. These were predominantly in consultations concerning sexual health. Perceived social norms are favourable to screening and respondents have strong perceived control over offering screens, including to those under 16 who are sexually active. Attitudes towards screening were positive but disadvantages and barriers related to increased pressure on practice resources for longer consultations and contact tracing. There were no differences in beliefs and practice behaviours between medical and nursing staff.
Conclusions
Future interventions should be targeted at increasing the range of consultations in which offers are made, demonstrating how to make offers without increasing consultation time, providing more complete records of sexual activity, screens and results, and encouraging audit and review within the practice to promote practice wide approaches to increasing opportunistic screening.
Although there are often clear benefits from health screening strategies there is also evidence that some individuals experience emotional difficulties when participating, these reactions are often as a result of inconclusive or equivocal results from the screening tests. Most of the research literature explores this from a female perspective – there is less evidence of how men experience the uncertainties of screening. This article presents findings from a qualitative research study exploring the experiences of men who received equivocal results when participating in prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing. The men were drawn from a larger clinical trial to identify men with early signs of prostate cancer. In-depth interviews were conducted with seven men from one general practice in the North of England who had received an equivocal result from PSA testing and subsequent prostate biopsy. Phenomenological analysis revealed five inter-related themes in the men's experiences. The theme pre-conceptions centred around men's beliefs about the links between early diagnosis and was linked to their perceptions about responsibility towards their own health. However, men also reported feelings of uncertainty when receiving results that did not definitely indicate they did or did not have prostate cancer. This uncertainty generated reactions of stoicism towards the equivocal result and subsequent participation in further investigations. However, men also reported that participation in PSA screening did make them feel ‘looked after’. These findings are closely comparable with the literature on women's reactions to screening test uncertainty. This is possibly heightened by the lack of clear evidence about the accuracy of PSA testing to detect prostate cancer. These men participated in order to find out if they had prostate cancer or not and seemed unprepared for the possibility of an equivocal result.
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