Chapter 4 ends Part I of the book with an account of the reaction to Holwell’s and Dow’s ideas throughout Europe, pointing to how, despite their differences, the common ‘philosophical’ quality of their enquiries had a significant impact on numerous intellectual elements of the late Enlightenment period. This includes a discussion of debates on the legitimacy of Company governance and the significance for their work in debates on empire.

Chapter 2 concerns Holwell’s religiously heterodox interpretation of Hinduism, which is at the core of the book’s thesis, since his account would establish the ideas that would also run thematically throughout the works of Dow, Halhed and Wilkins. It outlines how Holwell’s interpretation of ‘the religion of the Gentoos’ was shaped by his preoccupation with heterodox religious arguments, as well as some genuine insight into Indian philosophical concepts. Despite its idiosyncratic origins, Holwell’s work captured some important tropes in deistic approaches to comparative religion, such as a narrative of original religion corrupted by priestcraft, which would come to dominate British constructions of India’s original ancient religion throughout the century.