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Human, All Too Human marked Friedrich Nietzsche's transition from the philologist and cultural critic he had been into the kind of philosopher and writer he came to be. Nietzsche had long yearned, and continued to yearn throughout his productive life, for a higher humanity with a worth great enough to warrant the affirmation of life even in the absence of any transcendently supplied meaning. The publication of Human, All Too Human completed Nietzsche's estrangement from his erstwhile scholarly profession, from which he officially retired shortly thereafter. The expression Nietzsche adopted to characterize the kind of thinker and human being he conceived himself to have become, or at any rate to have been on the way to becoming, at the time of Human, All Too Human is that which he features in its subtitle: 'free spirit', Freigeist.
This chapter considers three topics that preoccupied Friedrich Nietzsche during the years when he was thinking about, and writing, The Birth of Tragedy and, in one way or another, during most of the rest of the 1870s: the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, the music of Richard Wagner, and the importance of ancient Greek art and civilisation for a renaissance of German culture. The chapter discusses a few specific issues relevant both to Nietzsche's notes and to his published works in order to indicate the various ways in which each kind of writing can cast light on the other. The notes are divided into three sub-periods, corresponding, roughly, with his writing The Birth of Tragedy, the Untimely Meditations and Human, All Too Human. Nietzsche's notes of the time reveal his increasing interest in philosophical problems of metaphysics and epistemology as well as in the history of Greek philosophy.
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