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Chapter eight pays attention to some crucial questions concerning the encounter between biological and theological anthropogenesis, which have inspired very emotional reactions to evolutionary theory and posed a considerable challenge to several fundamental presuppositions of systematic and philosophical theology. A presentation and defense of the contemporary Thomistic approach to the question of the origin of our species is followed by an account of the complexity of the debate concerning the mono- versus polygenetic character of human speciation.
This chapter examines Calcidius' position vis-à-vis and use of Stoicism, focusing on the themes of Providence and fate, the human soul, and matter, and argues that the Stoic influence is much stronger than commonly assumed, despite an overt polemic.
This chapter argues against a commonly held assumption that Porphyry is (one of) Calcidius' (main) source(s), by comparing the fragments of the former's commentary on the Timaeus to Calcidius' approach, and analyzing more closely views attributed to Porphyry on the human soul, the transmigration of human souls into animals, matter, and Form.
Wittgenstein is unrelenting in his attempts to turn us away from an "occult" or "magical" conception of the mind, as a place or realm where meaning happens, where reference is effected, where explanations come to an end not with satisfaction, but out of desperation. This aspect of Wittgenstein's philosophy is, of course, what brings upon it the charge of behaviorism, and one reason why Cavell, for example, declares that Wittgenstein's philosophy "takes the risk of apsychism. According to the eliminativist, the conceptual repertoire of folk psychology is a kind of hypothesis concerning the internal workings of human beings. The eliminativist, by casting our ordinary psychological concepts in the role of a theory about the inner workings of the human body (treating joy, for example, as an "inward thing"), denies precisely the kind of transparency Wittgenstein attributes to the face.
Klaudios Ptolemaios, or Ptolemy, is known today mainly for his contributions to astronomy and astrology. According to Ptolemy, only the mathematician produces knowledge and attains a virtuous state. Ptolemy's extant corpus contains only one text that is devoid of mathematics: On the Kritērion and Hēgemonikon. In this short epistemological treatise, Ptolemy outlines his criterion of truth, examines the soul's relation to the body, and determines which parts of the body and soul are the commanding parts. Ptolemy gives his most detailed accounts of the human soul in On the Kritērion and Harmonics 3.5. In On the Kritērion, he describes three faculties of the soul: the faculty of thought, the faculty of sense perception and the faculty of impulse, which, in turn, consists of two parts: the appetitive and emotive. Ptolemy's ethical system is heavily influenced by Platonism, but it strays from the Platonic formulation of what knowledge is and how virtue is attained.
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