This study explored informal family caregiver experiences in supporting care transitions between hospital and home for medically complex older adults. Using a qualitative, grounded-theory approach, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with community and resource case managers, as well as with informal caregivers of older hip-fracture and stroke patients, and of those recovering from hip replacement surgery. Six properties characterizing caregiver needs in successfully transitioning care between hospital and home were integrated into a theory addressing both a transitional care timeline and the emotional journey. The six properties were (1) assessment of unique family situation; (2) practical information, education, and training; (3) involvement in planning process; (4) agreement between formal and informal caregivers; (5) time to make arrangements in personal life; and (6) emotional readiness. This work will support research and clinical efforts to develop more well-informed and relevant interventions to most appropriately support patients and families during transitional care.

Background: Numerous theoretical models have been developed to explore how caregiving can impact on caregiving outcomes. However, limited attention has been given to the effects of caregivers’ motivations for providing care, the meaning they find in caregiving, and the nature of their relationship with the care-recipient. The current study explored the associations between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, ability to find meaning in caregiving, and pre-caregiving and current relationship quality, and the way in which these variables interact to influence caregiving outcomes.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire study, in which the respondents were 447 caregivers of people with dementia who were in receipt of a specialist nursing service.

Results: The results showed that intrinsic motivations, meaning, and pre-caregiving and current relationship quality were significantly related to each other, while extrinsic motivations were only related to intrinsic motivations and meaning. All these factors were significantly related to caregiving outcomes as measured by caregiver burden, role captivity, and competence.

Conclusions: Based on these findings, it is recommended that interventions aimed at reducing caregiving stress should take into account the impact of the quality of the relationship and the caregivers’ motivations for providing care. More longitudinal research is needed to explore how meanings, motivations, and relationship quality change over the caregiving career.

De nombreuses recherches concluent que les aidants naturels de personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie éprouvent un fardeau associé à leur situation. Les principaux facteurs influençant ce fardeau sont ici passés en revue et regroupés en quatre catégories: variables liées aux tâches effectuées par l'aidant, caractéristiques de la personne âgée, caractéristiques de l'aidant et variables interactionnelles caractérisant la relation entre l'aidant et l'aidé. L'article présente les résultats d'une recherche conduite auprès d'un échantillon représentatif des aidants québécois de personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie (n = 294). Selon cette analyse, le degré d'assistance fournie, l'aide pour les activités de la vie quotidienne et l'interaction avec les professionnels du réseau de soins formel sont associés au fardeau ressenti. De plus, le degré d'autonomie et l'état de santé de la personne aidée, de même que l'âge de l'aidant influencent le fardeau. Les variables interactionnelles influençant le fardeau sont: la proximité du lien de parenté entre l'aidant et l'aidé, le degré de responsabilité assumée par l'aidant, la cohabitation, ainsi que l'assistance fournie par les autres membres du réseau personnel. Ces résultats appuient plusieurs conclusions des travaux antérieurs, suggérant ainsi que les principaux facteurs associés au fardeau pourraient être similaires, peu importe le pattern ou le contexte de la situation aidant/aidé au plan de la culture (l'échantillon est québécois), du statut de l'aidant (principal ou secondaire) et du degré ou du type d'incapacité de l'aidé. Les résultats de cette recherche sont finalement discutés dans la perspective des tendances sociales à venir et des implications concrètes qu'ils soulèvent pour la planification des services sociaux et de santé.

Although the experiences of formal and informal caregiving have been discussed and debated in the literature, more is assumed than is actually known (McDaniel & Gee, 1993). This qualitative study explored both informal and formal caregivers' perceptions of their own caregiving and the views of each other's caregiving. Information was collected through the use of in-depth interviews with 23 family caregivers and 15 nurses providing home care to older persons. Analysis of interview transcripts and field notes reveals that both informal and formal caregivers engage in all facets of caring work – physical, intellectual and emotional care – but that they carry out this work in varying degrees, and for different reasons. The reasons given for these differences, namely the nurses' professional knowledge and higher status designation, are key elements that define the boundaries between professional and family caregiving. However, it is apparent that, over time, this demarcation diminishes as family caregivers' knowledge and skill match those of health professionals. Study findings point to implications for future theory development and research.

The financial, opportunity and social costs and benefits of providing informal support to frail older people are described within an economic framework. Mentally and/or physically frail older people were identified through screening interviews with random community samples of people aged 65 and over in four UK areas: 884 frail older people living in private households nominated key informal supporters and 650 of these supporters were interviewed. Around half the supporters reported financial costs (43 per cent) or lost social opportunities (45 per cent). A minority of supporters had reduced their working hours or withdrawn from employment because of caregiving. Nearly all supporters reported at least one social cost (92 per cent) and identified at least one positive aspect of caregiving (95 per cent). Co-resident supporters were more likely to report opportunity costs and loss of health and well-being. Daughters supporting a frail parent were generally most likely, and friends or neighbours least likely, to report each type of cost. Supporters of older people who were both mentally and physically frail reported significantly greater opportunity and social costs. The benefits of caregiving were not consistently related to co-residency, relationship of supporter or frailty type. Possible strategies for decreasing the costs and increasing the benefits of caregiving are discussed.