Chapter 3 begins with an examination of how anticommunism manifested in Mexico, Guatemala, and Uruguay, highlighting the importance of the National Security Doctrine and the notion of internal enemy, and analyzing the secret police files of Octavio Paz, Frida Kahlo, and Elena Poniatowska, and others, as illustrations of anticommunist paranoia. The examination of anticommunism culminates with analysis of Miguel Ángel Asturias’s collection of stories Week-end in Guatemala and its references to the 1954 coup d’état. The chapter then turns to the Cultural Cold War, using declassified documents from the CIA, to examine the organization of the Continental Cultural Congress (Santiago, 1953), with emphasis on the counter-maneuvering led by the American Embassy in Chile and Pablo Neruda’s role as one of the organizers of the Congress. Finally, it discusses Neruda’s “non-political” poetry at the time, The Captain’s Verses, vis-à-vis his “political” poetry.

The Great War, as it began to be called as early as 1915, was a traumatic event in the life of everyone who lived through it. Industrial warfare fundamentally changed the experience of combat. In the midst of battle, physical violence fused with moral suffering. Mass death reversed the normal succession of generations. War crimes and genocides were committed against enemy civilians. The First World War was also a war of words and images. The new “cultures of war” served both to stigmatize enemies (external and internal) and to mobilize the home fronts. Yet this cultural mobilization did not remain unchanged throughout the war: the initial mobilization in 1914-1915 was followed by a process of disengagement, and later by a form of remobilization at the end of the conflict. Finally, the First World War did not end without a feeling of profound anxiety over the future of millions of veterans, who had experienced mass death and extreme violence on the battlefields. The question of violence is at the core of a new historiography studying the boundaries between war and peace, the legacies of the Great War in a global context and the “brutalization” of post-war politics.