Chapter 3 details how, after controversies over the African-led deployment to Mali, political and bureaucratic elites from South Africa and the African Union Commission (AUC) introduced the African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises (ACIRC), an arrangement for robust military interventions. The chapter analyzes how ACIRC challenged the established spatial semantics of the African Standby Force (ASF) that divided the continent into five regions. By bypassing regional organizations, the cornerstones for multilateral deployment, member states would be able to negotiate military coalitions among themselves and directly with the AUC, giving individual states more control. ACIRC created a relational space not constructed on geographically contiguous regions, but on a network of member states with the self-image of being committed to joint independent military action. In African military politics, ACIRC was an attempt by President Jacob Zuma to position South Africa as a continental military leader that was willing and able to guide interventions. The chapter ends by analyzing how in 2015 ACIRC was discussed as potentially providing the military response to Boko Haram violence in West Africa. This revealed political tensions between Nigerian representatives (that were critical of ACIRC) and South African and Tanzanian representatives.

This chapter seeks to understand why hustling is such a prevalent theme in post-apartheid cultural production. It traces what Raymond Williams calls ‘structures of feeling’ – here, aspiration and frustration – back to the dissonant political economic vision of the ANC. As entry into the middle classes is repeatedly impeded for the poor by lack of structural change, so hustling becomes an ever more enticing mode of self-fashioning. But hustling can also be identified at the other end of the class spectrum, where white and black businessmen alike engage in nefarious practices in the pursuit of riches. Here I examine the stranger-than-fiction examples of Brett Kebble and Joe Modise. I connect the insights of novelists Niq Mhlongo and Carel van der Merwe to the findings of the Zondo Commission of Inquiry into state capture, which exposes the many ways in which corruption and fraud took place during Jacob Zuma’s presidency.