We calculated mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers and Kerma relative to air for human organ and tissue substitutes (i.e.wax, plastic and polymer materials). The effective atomic numbers of the tissue substitutes were calculated by the direct method, interpolation method, Auto-Zeff software and single value XMuDat program and then compared. The calculated effective atomic numbers were also compared with available experimental data and a good agreement was observed. A large difference in effective atomic numbers calculated by the direct and interpolation methods was observed in photoelectric and pair-production regions. The direct method was found to be appropriate for effective atomic number computation in low-(>10 keV) and medium-(0.1 ≤ E ≤ 10 MeV) photon energy regions. Kerma relative to air of the selected tissue substitutes was found to be dependent upon the atomic number and element compositions, which show a sharp peak due to K-edge absorption.

The author revisits the celebrated cemetery of the Bronze Age Kerma culture by the third cataract of the Nile and re-examines its monumental tumuli. The presence of daggers and drinking vessels in secondary burials are associated with skeletal remains that can be attributed to fighting men, encouraging their interpretation as members of a warrior elite. Here, on the southern periphery of the Bronze Age world, is an echo of the aggressive aristocracy of Bronze Age Europe.

High ranking burial mounds in Bronze Age Sudan featured burials in a corridor leading to the central burial – supposedly of a king. Were the ‘corridor people’ prisoners captured during periodic raids on Egypt, or local retainers who followed their king in death? The authors use the skeletal material to argue the second hypothesis – coincidentally that advanced by George Reisner, the original excavator.