Chapter 3 discusses the phase spanning from the 2000s until the start of the Arab Spring in 2011–2012. It pays particular attention to how activists and communities have come together in pursuit of shared liberal notions and goals, and how they have taken tangible political action and impacted political conduct and affairs. To do so intellectuals and activists moved beyond dogmatic and rigid interpretations in their attempts to re-appropriate, make sense of, and reclaim liberal values. They reintegrated the public masses who became the main focus of activism. And they created public forums, took to the streets, and engaged in open debates about separation of powers, pluralism, and individuality, stressing issues of civil rights and political freedoms and individuals’ right to self-rule. Even leftist thinkers who lost faith in the contentions of the radical era turned to a “liberal-ish” agenda that emphasized liberal rights and freedoms and criticized state monopolies over power and the economy.

This chapter looks at the Brotherhood’s evolution in the decade after 9/11, and how debates about principles gradually morphed into an identity crisis concerning the organization as a whole. Against the setting of an unstable global security environment, marked first by a US-led ‘global war on terror’ and then by US-sponsored projects for the ‘democratization’ of the Middle East, the chapter highlights the debates between the followers of the Tilmisani school on the one hand, and the vanguardist faction on the other. The chapter also introduces the youth members of the Muslim Brotherhood who, in the context of an increasingly potent social protest movement, found themselves increasingly at odds with their leadership. The chapter ends with the contentious Guidance Office elections of the winter of 2009, when the vanguard leaders asserted total control of the Brotherhood’s executive office. Based on Oral History interviews with key Brotherhood members from across all organizational ranks, memoires and available online material, original texts published by the Brotherhood, an analysis of the Brotherhood-related diplomatic correspondence of the US Embassy in Cairo as published by Wikileaks, and a reading of the available scholarly literature, the chapter recounts how the Muslim Brotherhood, while meandering through an unstable global security environment, became further entrenched within its own internal bickering and squabbles to yield a weakened organization unready to meet the challenges of the Egyptian uprising of 2011.