The first representative of Tipulomorpha in Early Eocene Cambay amber from India is described. The new find belongs to the genus Dicranomyia in the family Limoniidae. This genus has a worldwide distribution today and is relatively common in Eocene Baltic amber. A new species belonging to the subgenus Dicranomyia is described as Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) indica sp. nov.

Twelve specimens of early Toarcian Mecoptera and Diptera from the vicinity of Wolfsburg were investigated for the present study. The material was found during house building activities in the 1980s at the locality Große Kley in Mörse, an urban district of the city of Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. The specimens were found in calcareous nodules of the Harpoceras falciferum Zone that occur within the Liassic black shales (Posidonia shale). Six specimens of Mecoptera, five belonging to the family Orthophlebiidae and one belonging to the Bittacidae, and six representatives of the following Diptera families were identified: Ptychopteridae, Limoniidae, Anisopodidae and the superfamily Mycetophiloidea. The fossil fauna of Wolfsburg is similar to that of other early Toarcian sites in Germany, described by Handlirsch (1906, 1939), Bode (1905, 1953) and Ansorge (1996) from Braunschweig, Dobbertin and Grimmen. Two new species are described, Mesorhyphusulrichi sp. nov. (Anisopodidae) and Archipleciomima germanica sp. nov. (Mycetophiloidea).

Considerable spatial and temporal variability was detected in the environmental conditions in 30 coldwater springs in southernOntario, Canada. Using standard pyramidal emergence traps, a total of 86 insect species was recorded from these springs (notincluding the Chironomidae). These represented nine taxonomic groups, among which the Limoniidae (Diptera) was the mostdiverse with 38 species. Fifty-five per cent of all species recorded had a low frequency (found at three or fewer sites), and onlyfor very few of these rare species were more than 10 individuals m-2 collected. Interannual differences were also apparent.Continuous sampling over time showed that emergence records from a single year, on average, contained only around 50% ofthe total number of species obtained during the entire study. Species-environment relationships analyzed by CanonicalCorrespondence Analysis indicated that temperature and discharge correlated most strongly with insect community similarityamong spring sites. The prospects for developing regional typologies of coldwater springs, based on their environmental conditions,and the implications of species loss to the continuity of function of coldwater spring ecosystems are discussed.

Emergence traps were operated over three years in a stream near Lunz in southwestern Lower Austria, to find out the differences between eight types of traps. Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Simuliidae, Limoniidae and Empididae were compared quantitatively as whole groups. Trichoptera, Limoniidae and aquatic Empididae were compared at species level. Except for the expected statistical variation, there was wide variation in the number of specimens between groups and species, and also between the trap types, to such a degree that the emergence method appears to be of limited value for productivity or other quantitativestudies. The total catch of insects caught in the traps, consisted of freshly emerged adults, aged ovipositing females and many other insects (including terrestrial ones) which entered the traps in unknown ways. The variation may depend on the biology and behaviour of the insects, on the design of the traps and on an unknown number of other factors.