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After the Gothic wars, significant areas of the Italian peninsula were taken by the newly arrived Lombards. Chapter 5 discusses how convincing Lombard leaders, vacillating between Nicene and Christian Christianity, to embrace one of the available versions of the Christian faith became the goal of the representatives of various sides and how the Lombard religious ambiguity created a special environment in which different doctrines could coexist and compete.
All over Lombard Italy, the dukes were the titular holders of local power, but their ties with the kings had different degrees of intensity and subordination. Only in northern Italy were the dukes really bound to the kingdom and the kings. After the conquests of Byzantine territory by King Rothari in the 640s, the Lombard kings for a long time limited their military activity to internal affairs and to occasional defence against invasions, by the Franks to the west and the Avars to the east. After the Frankish conquest, the Lombard kingdom survived as a distinct state, but at the price of losing its national foundation. Many aspects of the Carolingian government of Italy up to Lothar depended on the role the kingdom played within the empire. The political configuration of the kingdom of Italy took on a new character during the reign of Louis II. The aristocracy was prepared to grant prerogatives to the emperor than to the king.
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