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Summary

This Chapter concerns the formation (genesis) of a treaty. It deals with the substantive and formal elements of a treaty, ie when international obligations emerge through a treaty, when is a treaty a treaty, and who is entitled to bind a State through a treaty. This Chapter examines numerous cases by international courts and tribunals relating to this subject matter. It also analyses the debate ssurrounding memoranda of understanding (MOUs), soft law and modern law-making, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, which comprises hard and soft law obligations. Finally, it looks at the registration of a treaty, ie to what extent, if any at all, it contributes to its formation and identification.

The importance of larval viability in relation to the success of recovery techniques and to the interpretation of histological and migration studies was tested using mice infected with Toxocara pteropodis, T. canis and T. cati. Little difference was found in total numbers of viable larvae recovered from tissues incubated for 18 hours in 0·85% saline, 2% trypsin or 1% pepsin, but the rates of larval egress did vary. The recovery of dead larvae by digestion techniques was much lower. Larvae migrated in tissues undergoing fixation, which influenced histological findings. Larvae of T. canis did not undergo significant peritoneal migration in acutely-infected mice, but did penetrate their intestinal walls in large numbers within 4 hours of death. The implications of these findings in experimental studies are discussed.

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2 - Treaty Genesis

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Observations on the post-mortem migration of nematode larvae and its role in tissue digestion techniques

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2 results

2 - Treaty Genesis

Summary

Observations on the post-mortem migration of nematode larvae and its role in tissue digestion techniques