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6 results

  • Chapter 7 - Humoralism and Colonial Subjugation: Indians and Medical Knowledge in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

  • from Part II - Body
  • Edited by Rocío Quispe-Agnoli, Michigan State University, Amber Brian, University of Iowa
  • Book:
    Latin American Literature in Transition Pre-1492–1800
    Published online:
    25 November 2022
    Print publication:
    08 December 2022, pp 107-120

  • Summary

    From the Iberian colonization on, the American Indians were understood based on their skin color and the place where they were living. They were imputed a corporal condition and/or a complexio linked to the preponderance of the melancholic and phlegmatic ‘humor’ which expressed a kind of specific morality and behavior according to medical discourse of the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. This chapter analyzes how these medical assessments were transferred to the American Indians with a high degree of generalizing essentialism in order to naturalize a condition of permanent servitude. This knowledge transfer used to describe them, implied a series of strategic analogies and correspondences among the generalized significations and representations of complex melancholy on the individuals in the Old World and the observed practices and behaviors of the Natives of the New World.

  • 3 - Medical Treatment for Trans Youth

  • Steph Jowett, Queensland University of Technology
  • Book:
    Consent for Medical Treatment of Trans Youth
    Published online:
    04 October 2022
    Print publication:
    06 October 2022, pp 44-80

  • Summary

    This chapter presents an overview of the current state of medical knowledge for treatment of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. The chapter begins with an overview of the literature on how gender dysphoria is treated in childhood and adolescence, respectively. Medical treatment of relevance for pubertal youth is the primary focus. Next, the research on outcomes of medical treatment for trans youth is reviewed. The review is organised by reference to the staged treatment protocol: stage 1 – puberty blockers; stage 2 – gender affirming hormones; and stage 3 – surgery. Both physical and psychosocial effects of treatment are outlined. Lastly, to contrast, research is reviewed to determine what the likely outcomes are for trans youth if they do not receive medical treatment in adolescence. The review of medical knowledge surrounding the treatment of gender dysphoria reveals that there is substantial, and building, consensus around the appropriate treatment to be offered to trans youth in adolescence. It finds that while there may be a limited evidence base regarding long-term treatment outcomes, this is rapidly growing and supportive of treatment prior to adulthood.

  • Red Alert: It Is Time to Strengthen the Medical Knowledge of Noncompressible Torso Hemorrhage Among Health-Care Workers

  • Hua-yu Zhang, Yong Guo, Hao Tang, Xiao-ying Huang, Dong Liu, Yu-zhuo Han, Peng Chen, Yang Li, Lian-yang Zhang
  • Journal:
    Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 16 / Issue 5 / October 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 October 2021, pp. 2020-2028
  • Objective:

    Noncompressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH) is a major challenge in prehospital bleeding control and is associated with high mortality. This study was performed to estimate medical knowledge and the perceived barriers to information acquisition among health-care workers (HCWs) regarding NCTH in China.

    Methods:

    A self-administered and validated questionnaire was distributed among 11 WeChat groups consisting of HCWs engaged in trauma, emergency, and disaster rescue.

    Results:

    A total of 575 HCWs participated in this study. In the knowledge section, the majority (87.1%) denied that successful hemostasis could be obtained by external compression. Regarding attitudes, the vast majority of HCWs exhibited positive attitudes toward the important role of NCTH in reducing prehospital preventable death (90.4%) and enthusiasm for continuous learning (99.7%). For practice, fewer than half of HCWs (45.7%) had heard of NCTH beforehand, only a minority (14.3%) confirmed they had attended relevant continuing education, and 16.3% HCWs had no access to updated medical information. The most predominant barrier to information acquisition was the lack of continuing training (79.8%).

    Conclusions:

    Knowledge and practice deficiencies do exist among HCWs. Obstacles to update medical information warrant further attention. Furthermore, education program redesign is also needed.

  • A survey of general practitioners’ knowledge of symptoms and epidemiology of schizophrenia

  • Hélène Verdoux, Audrey Cougnard, Sabrina Grolleau, Rachel Besson, Françoise Delcroix
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 21 / Issue 4 / June 2006
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 April 2020, pp. 238-244
  • Objective

    To explore general practitioners' (GPs) knowledge of the symptoms and epidemiology of schizophrenia, and the GPs' characteristics associated with level of knowledge.

    Methods

    Survey questionnaires exploring practice in patients with early psychosis were mailed to all GPs in South-Western France (N = 3829). GPs were asked to fill out questions anonymously on the symptoms and epidemiology of schizophrenia.

    Results

    The response rate was 23.6%. GPs had a fair theoretical knowledge of schizophrenia symptoms, but underestimated the prevalence and the risk of suicide. Recent attendance at a continuing medical education (CME) course on schizophrenia was the main predictor of level of knowledge on epidemiological figures, although its impact was relatively modest. Regarding risk factors, the implication of genetic factors was considered as null or modest by more than half of the GPs, while a large proportion of them stated that mother–baby interactional disturbances were frequently implicated in the aetiology of the disorder.

    Conclusions

    GPs' level of knowledge on the public health impact and risk factors for schizophrenia needs to be improved in order to promote the delivery of accurate and destigmatising information to primary care patients.

  • Medical Officers, Bodies, Gender and Weight Fluctuation in Irish Convict Prisons, 1877–95

  • Ciara Breathnach
  • Journal:
    Medical History / Volume 58 / Issue 1 / January 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 December 2013, pp. 67-86
    • Article
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  • This article focuses on the function of the convict prison infirmary and views it as a site of arbitration, resistance and ‘contested power’. In accordance with the rules and regulations periods of incarceration in convict prisons began and ended with an obligatory medical examination. While the primary function of the initial test was to measure the convict body in order ascertain physical ability to conduct hard labour it also provided a thorough bio-metrical description for future identification purposes. The final examination was not as comprehensively undertaken but also concerned itself with anthropometrical observations. It would be reasonable to assume that the balance of power was weighted in the authority’s favour but this research has found evidence to the contrary. For instance, that there was a fair degree of physiological knowledge within the convict population and that some convicts used the infirmary for dietary gains and reprieve from hard labour. Using body mass index (BMI) as an instrument to measure physical wellbeing this article views the doctor–convict interface as a crucial component of the penal experience. It analyses 251 convict medical records to show that the balance of diet and work led to what might be considered a counterintuitive outcome – a preponderance of weight gain, particularly for males in Irish prisons.

  • Pathology, Identity and the Social Construction of Alcohol Dependence

  • Carl May
  • Journal:
    Sociology / Volume 35 / Issue 2 / May 2001
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 May 2001, pp. 385-401
    Print publication:
    May 2001

  • The notion of ‘addiction’ appears to present profound and intractable difficulties for contemporary medicine. Using the problem of alcohol addiction as a mediating example, this paper examines some of the sources of these difficulties, and relates these to critiques of the medicalisation of the addictions. It is argued that the difficulty that medicine faces in the case of the ‘addict’ is not that addiction to alcohol has been medicalised, but rather that over a period of two centuries the medicalising project has been only partially successful. Thus medical knowledge and practice have taken as their focus the problem of susceptibility, but made little headway in the domain of conceptualising recovery. In this context, the clinician is forced to divide the susceptible from the culpable in the diagnosis of addiction, and to explain this in terms of the potential for moral self-actualisation on the part of the addict.