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2 results

  • Clinically diagnosed iron and iodine deficiencies and disorders in the entire population of US military service members from 1997 to 2015

  • Joseph J Knapik, Emily K Farina, Victor L Fulgoni III, Harris R Lieberman
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 11 / August 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 February 2021, pp. 3187-3195
    • Article
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  • Objective:

    Iron and/or iodine deficiencies can have multiple serious adverse health outcomes, but examination of incidence rates of these deficiencies has rarely been conducted in any large population. This study examined incidence rates, temporal trends and demographic factors associated with medically diagnosed iron and iodine deficiencies/disorders in US military service members (SM).

    Design:

    The Defense Medical Epidemiological Database (DMED) was queried for medical visits of active duty SM to obtain specific International Classification of Diseases, Version 9, codes involving clinically diagnosed iron and iodine deficiencies/disorders.

    Setting:

    Analysis of existing database (DMED).

    Participants:

    Entire population of US military SM from 1997 to 2015 (average n per year = 1 382 266, 15 % women).

    Results:

    Overall incidence rates for iron and iodine were 104 and 36 cases/100 000 person-years, respectively. Over the 19-year period, rates for iron disorders increased steadily (108 % for men, 177 % for women). Rates for iodine disorders also increased steadily for men (91 %), but, for women, there was an initial rise followed by a later decline. Overall, women’s rates were 12 and 10 times higher than men’s for iron and iodine, respectively. Compared with whites, blacks and those of other races had higher rates of deficiencies of both minerals. Incidence rates for iodine deficiency increased substantially with age.

    Conclusions:

    The overall incidence of clinically diagnosed iron and iodine deficiency among SM was low, but increased over the 19 years examined, and certain demographic groups were at significantly greater risk. Given the unexpected increases in incidence of these mineral disorders, increased surveillance may be appropriate.

    Clinical Trial Registration No. ISRCTN58987177 (http//:www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN58987177)

  • Chapter 10 - Influences of timing and duration of formula feeding on infant growth

  • from Section 2 - Nutritional regulation and requirements for lactation and infant growth
  • Edited by Michael E. Symonds, University of Nottingham, Margaret M. Ramsay, University of Nottingham
  • Book:
    Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
    Published online:
    26 February 2010
    Print publication:
    28 January 2010, pp 92-105

  • Summary

    Minerals known to be of major importance during pregnancy include calcium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, selenium, and zinc. Deficiencies in these minerals have been associated with complications of pregnancy, childbirth, or fetal development. This chapter considers each, by briefly discussing their physiological roles, and discussing how the symptoms of deficiency overlap. It also discusses the consequences of deficiencies using both animal and human models and considers how these might be best treated, if indeed they can. Mineral deficiencies have varied effects because of the wide range of roles they play. In pregnancy, the effects can be seen in both the mother and her fetus. The mother can suffer from pregnancy induced hypertension, anemia, preeclampsia, labor complications, and death. To meet the increased demand for the essential minerals during pregnancy and lactation, maternal physiology undergoes several alterations.