We provide constructions of age-structured branching processes without or with immigration as pathwise-unique solutions to stochastic integral equations. A necessary and sufficient condition for the ergodicity of the model with immigration is also given.

The convergence and blow-up results are established for the evolution of non-simple closed curves in an area-preserving curvature flow. It is shown that the global solution starting from a locally convex curve converges to an m-fold circle if the enclosed algebraic area A0 is positive, and evolves into a point if A0 = 0.

In recent years, nanostructures have been used in a vast number of applications, making the study of the mechanical behaviour of such structures important. In this paper, two different constitutive equations including first-order strain gradient and simplified differential non-local are employed to model the buckling behaviour of skew nanoplates. The Galerkin method is used for solving the equations in order to obtain buckling load. Using this method, the influence of different parameters consisting of non-classical properties, boundary conditions, and geometrical parameters such as length and angle on the buckling load, are studied. The results showed that small-scale effects are very important in skew graphene sheets and their inclusion results in smaller buckling loads.