The epiphytic lichen species richness and community composition was compared for 600 living trees distributed within the interior of 60 Scots pine and Norway spruce monoculture stands in southern Sweden. A higher species richness, and more unique species, was found on trees of Scots pine than of Norway spruce, and distinctive communities were associated with the two tree species. Lichen species composition also shifted between the 30-, 55- and 80-year-old stands, although there was no significant difference in species richness between the different age classes. Tree species and age of the stand explained most of the variation in community composition (41%), with additional variance explained by lichen proximity to the ground (6%) and aspect (1%) (northern/southern side of trunk). Scots pine and Norway spruce share many attributes, such as both being conifers with acidic bark properties and having a similar geographical distribution in Fennoscandia. However, our study showed that species richness and community composition can nevertheless diverge in stands dominated by these two tree species. Since the occurrence of red-listed species was low in these stands, we suggest that 80-year rotations are not long enough for the occurrence of the many rare and specialized lichen species that require old forest structures and long forest continuity in this region.

Plantation forests with timber production as the major function are highly fragmented and disturbed regarding the tree species composition and stand area. Their closed canopies also have different microclimatic conditions compared with better studied conservation areas. We studied three beetle families (click, longhorn, and rove beetles) with different ecological demands in lowland plantation forests dominated by Sessile oak and Norway spruce in the Czech Republic. Our main interest was how their species richness, abundance, diversity, body length, rarity, red-list status, species composition and individual species were driven by the main tree species, stand area and canopy openness. We analyzed 3466 individuals from 198 beetle species and the results revealed complex and contrasting responses of the studied beetle families – click beetles mostly preferred sun-exposure and spruce as the dominant tree species, longhorn beetles mainly preferred large stands, whereas rove beetles were mostly influenced by oak as the dominant tree species and increasing area. We also observed that some species had different preferences in plantation forests than is known from the literature. The main conclusions of our results are that the dominance of non-natural spruce plantations and a large stand area (both originating from artificially replanted large clear-cuts) did not affect the majority of the studied taxa as we expected. On the other hand, our results might have been influenced by other factor, such as the current small total area of the former vegetation, which in the past might have led to extinction debt; or a large area of other conifers in the surroundings that might have promoted conifer-associated fauna.

Forest fires convert a proportion of the burning vegetation into charcoal that is stored in forest soils and lake sediments. In this paper we use a geostatistical approach to present a detailed analysis of the size of the charcoal pool and its spatial variation in a boreal forest watershed including its lake sediment. The amount of soil charcoal averaged 179 g/m2 and ranged from 0 to 3600 g/m2 in the watershed. There was an extreme variation in the size of the charcoal pool over fine (cm) spatial scales. For example, the amount of charcoal in the soil could range from 34 to 1646 g/m2 within a distance of 10 cm. Individually dated soil charcoal particles had radiocarbon ages that varied from 630 to 2930 cal yr BP. The lake sediment began accumulating at 10,600 cal yr BP and charcoal accumulation has been practically continuous ever since then, with the largest peak occurring at 6900 cal yr BP. The lake sediment contained more charcoal, 360 g/m2, than the average for forest soil. We interpret this as an indication of a relatively rapid degradation of charcoal in boreal forest soils.

Applications of aminocyclopyrachlor in 2011 to turf resulted in brown and twisted shoots, leaves, and needles; shoot dieback; and in some cases, death of trees and ornamental plants adjacent to treated turf areas. Our research objective was to determine if a sensitive plant could be injured from wood chips (mulch) obtained from aminocyclopyrachlor-damaged trees, and to quantify movement of aminocyclopyrachlor from contaminated wood chips into soil and its subsequent uptake by roots into landscape plant tissues. Tomatoes were grown under greenhouse conditions and mulched with chipped tree branches collected from honey locust and Norway spruce damaged 12 mo previously by aminocyclopyrachlor. Analysis of tomato tissue for aminocyclopyrachlor residues 32 d after mulching found aminocyclopyrachlor in all mulched tomato plants, which was consistent with observations of epinasty on tomato leaflets. Aminocyclopyrachlor residues ranged from 0.5 to 8.0 ppb in tomato plants while chipped tree branches contained 1.7 to 14.7 ppb. Aminocyclopyrachlor residues in the potting soil below the mulch ranged from below the quantifiable limit to 0.63 ppb, indicating that aminocyclopyrachlor can leach from wood chips into soil, causing plant injury. These results indicate that trees damaged by aminocyclopyrachlor should not be chipped and used for mulch or as an ingredient in compost.