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5 results

  • Chapter 35 - Understanding the Global Health Architecture

  • from Section 2 - Transforming Health Systems: Confronting Challenges, Seizing Opportunities
  • Edited by Sameen Siddiqi, Aga Khan University, Awad Mataria, World Health Organization, Egypt, Katherine D. Rouleau, University of Toronto, Meesha Iqbal, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston
  • Book:
    Making Health Systems Work in Low and Middle Income Countries
    Published online:
    08 December 2022
    Print publication:
    29 December 2022, pp 545-562

  • Summary

    The Chapter describes the ‘global aid architecture’ that comprises different players providing international assistance for health to countries, plus the mechanisms and modalities by which assistance is provided. Broadly, there are three groups of actors - bilateral donors, multilaterals donors, and non-governmental agencies and increasingly the private sector. Assistance includes financial aid as grants and concessional loans, aid in-kind, and technical cooperation, and each has its strengths and limitations. Global health governance includes decision-making and oversight at multiple levels and is inherently political. To be effective it should respond to the needs of the countries it serves, and be accountable to people and communities. Empirical evidence does not show clear link between aid flows and countries’ needs for financing. Aid frequently substitutes domestic funding in low-income countries and can undermine building of national institutions. Countries need to prioritize health in their national budgets and identify specific areas for donors to intervene. The COVID-19 pandemic has further shed light on the weaknesses of these arrangements that are often fragmented and uncoordinated.

  • Introduction to the Project for Strengthening the ASEAN Regional Capacity on Disaster Health Management (ARCH Project)

  • Shuichi Ikeda, Phumin Silapunt
  • Journal:
    Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 37 / Issue S1 / February 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 March 2022, pp. s1-s10
    Print publication:
    February 2022
    • Article
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  • Background:

    Southeast Asia is the second biggest region in the world in terms of the total number of natural disasters since 1900. Therefore, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) initiated regional challenges toward strengthening regional collaboration for disaster prevention and response since the earthquake of Sumatra in Indonesia occurred in 2004. Moreover, ASEAN Leaders signed “the ASEAN Declaration on One ASEAN, One Response” in 2016. Under these circumstances, ASEAN decided to implement the Project for Strengthening the ASEAN Regional Capacity on Disaster Health Management (ARCH Project).

    Objectives:

    The objective of the ARCH Project is to strengthen coordination on disaster health management (DHM) for rapid and effective response to disasters occurring in the ASEAN region and to enhance the capacity of each ASEAN Member State (AMS) on DHM. This article aims to overview the outline and its strategy, and review the progress of the project.

    Methods:

    ARCH Project is an ASEAN official project supported by Japan’s official development assistance. Five outputs were launched for: (1) coordination platform on DHM; (2) framework of regional collaboration practices; (3) tools for effective regional collaboration; (4) enhancement of academic network on DHM; and (5) capacity development activities for each AMS. The Project was reviewed in terms of accomplishment and evaluation criteria.

    Results:

    Regional Coordination Committee on DHM was established as a coordination platform to: Oversee the implementation of the ARCH Project for the Output 1; Regional Collaboration Drill was developed and conducted for the Output 2; The standard operating procedure for coordination of emergency medical teams (EMTs) in ASEAN was developed for the Output 3; Various presentations on ARCH were made in academic conferences for the Output 4; and Several training programs and educational curricula were developed for the Output 5. The Project has accomplished its Project Purpose and satisfied all the indicators set. ARCH Project has high Relevance, Impact, Sustainability, and Effectiveness, while some improvements in Efficiency are needed.

    Conclusions:

    ARCH Project is the first-ever successful regional cooperation mechanism and standardization of DHM in ASEAN, one of the most disaster-prone regions. It also contributes to the capacity building of AMS. The ARCH Project has a remarkable impact on the resilience and flexible medical response to disasters, although continuous efforts of stakeholders to make this initiative sustainable are necessary.

  • 5 - The Substance of Altruism in International Law: Development for the Other

  • Jason Rudall, Universiteit Leiden
  • Book:
    Altruism in International Law
    Published online:
    06 August 2021
    Print publication:
    12 August 2021, pp 150-181

  • Summary

    This chapter explores altruistic commitments that are specifically between developed and developing countries. In particular, an emphasis is placed on the right to development, official development assistance (ODA), the right to food and particular aspects of the international economic order, as well as the special role played by the principle of solidarity in this context. Indeed, development is central to the contemporary international legal order. As such, this chapter explores the various instruments, institutions and processes that are directed at furthering the cause of development by facilitating the transfer of resources from developed to developing countries.

  • Sorting out the aid–corruption nexus

  • Jamie Bologna Pavlik, Andrew T. Young
  • Journal:
    Journal of Institutional Economics / Volume 18 / Issue 4 / August 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 August 2021, pp. 637-653

  • We employ matching methods to explore the relationships between foreign aid flows and corruption in recipient countries. Data are drawn from recipients of foreign aid for the 1996–2013 period. We find no compelling evidence of an effect running from corruption to aid flows. Furthermore, point estimates imply that corruption reforms lead countries to receive less aid. Alternatively, we generally find that, over a 10-year horizon, a sustained increase in aid leads to more corruption in a recipient. It is the sustained nature of an aid increase that seems to be important for this effect. (We generally do not report significant results for large changes in aid that are not sustained over time.)

  • POLICY AND PRACTICE IN ODA DISBURSEMENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN SOUTH KOREA'S OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

  • Dennis Patterson, Jangsup Choi
  • Journal:
    Journal of East Asian Studies / Volume 19 / Issue 2 / July 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 June 2019, pp. 239-264
    Print publication:
    July 2019

  • South Korea is the only nation to become an important donor nation after being a recipient of Official Development Assistance (ODA) for several decades. In 2010, it became a member of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee, and while it has continued to use its experience as a former ODA recipient to inform its distribution practices, it also has evolved its ODA policies in response to changes in international norms and the imperatives associated with being a DAC-member nation. We know that, while policies may change, actual ODA disbursements—which nations are selected as recipients and receive ODA in what amounts—may lag or even remain unchanged. In this paper, we use the case of South Korea to determine how actual ODA disbursements change in response to policy changes. To accomplish this, we use a selection model to conduct a statistical analysis of South Korea's ODA disbursements using dyadic data from 1987 to 2016. Our results indicate that, while there has been continuity in terms of which nations receive South Korean ODA, there were also notable changes in its disbursements. Specifically, the ODA policy changes the South Korean government enacted did result in an altered profile of nations that were targeted by South Korea as ODA recipients.