The sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi offers an example of how an ancient cult site was transformed into a Panhellenic sanctuary as a result of political and military conflicts involving some of the leading city-states of the region. After the so-called First Sacred War in the 590s/80s BC, Delphi was launched as the center of the Greek world with its oracle and its Panhellenic games. The Doric style of the Apollo temple and other buildings on the site helped to communicate the ambitions and values of the amphictyony that was in charge of the administration of the sanctuary after the war. The standardization of architecture and sculpture was an important feature in the elite competition that took place in Panhellenic sanctuaries like Delphi, where cities from all over Greece set up costly treasuries and votive statues. Ionic monuments such as the sphinx of the Naxians alternated with Doric buildings. On the basis of recent scholarship, the Ionic order can be interpreted as a regional variation of the “Panhellenic” Doric order. As can be shown, the Ionic order corresponds with cultural values such as abundance, variety, multilingualism, and openness toward Near-Eastern and Egyptian influences that are also characteristic of Ionian poetry, philosophy, and culture.

The second chapter provides an analysis of the Ionian Koinon, the association of the thirteen cities of Ionia, as one of the most direct and explicit channels for expressing Ionian cultural identity. Its festivals and ritual gatherings served both internally and externally as the most important means for making Ionianness visible. By discharging a koinon office, the civic elites of the koinon’s member cities were able to showcase their loyalty to a shared cultural affiliation and at the same time to engage in an inner-Ionian competition for euergetic prestige. This chapter also includes the first prosopographical study of all attested officials of the Ionian Koinon. It is concluded by a comparison with Hadrian’s Panhellenion as another institutionalised confederation which united Greek cities and fostered an ethno-cultural definition of Greekness in the 2nd c. AD.