In this paper is proposed a new theory concerning the formation of the first proteinogenic amino acids and their corresponding polypeptides starting of three syntones: methylene, nitrene and carbon monoxide. First, at low temperature in nitrogen, these three syntones form aziridinone, an asimetric compound in special conditions. Next, by a series of radical chain, izomerization, cyclization, elimination and polymerization reactions, apparently without a well defined transition states are formed a series of precursor syntones. Finally, these more structured syntones at the contract with the components of primary atmosphere, especially with water, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, even with carbon dioxide and methane offer the first proteinogenic amino acids and their first corresponding polypeptides. As a very important aspect, the aziridinone cycle furnish the backbone of proteinogenic amino acids. The formation of each proteinogenic amino acid moiety also as its participation to construction of polypeptide structures were estimated by two parameters: (1) the complex structural factor, Fe and (2) the participation coefficient, Cp respectively. Dominantly, the quantitative results given in this paper were acquired by structural, thermodynamical and reactivity studies using DGauss with the B88-LYP GGA energy functional with high integral accuracy. Finally, an experimental assembly for obtention of amino acids and polypeptides is proposed. Brief, the three initial syntones: CH2, NH and CO, in nitrogen form aziridinone. That, in reactions with the same three syntones form, the more structured syntone precursors of proteinogenic amino acids and polypeptides. At the contact with primary atmosphere components are formed the first proteinogenic amino acids and polypeptides. The first polypeptides appear from polypeptide precursors and not from proteinogenic amino acids.

Electrophoretic analysis of storage protein accumulation in developing cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ‘Mississippi Purple’] seed indicated that a large increase in protein content per seed occurred between 10 and 11 days after flowering (DAF). Polypeptides with molecular weights of 54, 49, and 41 kilodaltons (kD) accumulated first, and one with a molecular weight of 59 kD appeared 2 days later at 13 DAF. Treatment of plants with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] when pods were 7 and 10 DAF prevented accumulation of the major storage protein polypeptides. The accumulation of these polypeptides was not inhibited as much when pods were 11, 12, or 13 DAF at the time of treatment with glyphosate. Pod length and seed fresh weight were inhibited by glyphosate treatment of plants bearing pods 7, 10, 11, and 12 DAF. Pod width, seed dry weight, and seed length were inhibited by glyphosate when plants bearing pods 7, 10, and 11 DAF were treated.

In the present work, it is shown that thermodynamically feasible polymerization of cyanomethanol, which can be formed from formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, can lead to synthesis of polypeptides as well as to the previously reported synthesis of RNA. If the polymerization takes place on a one-dimensional feature of a mineral, such as for example a crack on its surface, the concept of quasi-chirality is introduced to describe the adsorbed polypeptide. This, in principle, would lead to formation of proteins that are completely homochiral in their alpha carbon groups. The concept of quasi-chirality can also be introduced in the condensation of glycine under similar conditions to form a polypeptide. This again leads to proteins completely chiral in their alpha carbon groups.

The two-dimensional patterns (isoelectrofocusing-IEF/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate-SDS) of S3 fractions of muscle larvae of four Trichinella isolates were compared. The comparative study concerned six groups of polypeptides. It was observed that the Garkavi isolate of Trichinella pseudospiralis was clearly different from the other isolates, and it showed the simplest IEF/SDS polypeptide pattern. The C-76 isolate of T. nelsoni had only four of the six groups, distinguishing it from the GM-1 isolate of T. spiralis and the Boev isolate of T. nativa that showed all the indicated groups.

Over the past several decades, a number of O(n) methods for forward and inverse dynamics computations have been developed in the multibody dynamics and robotics literature. A method was developed by Fixman in 1974 for O(n) computation of the mass-matrix determinant for a serial polymer chain consisting of point masses. In other of our recent papers, we extended this method in order to compute the inverse of the mass matrix for serial chains consisting of point masses. In the present paper, we extend these ideas further and address the case of serial chains composed of rigid-bodies. This requires the use of relatively deep mathematics associated with the rotation group, SO(3), and the special Euclidean group, SE(3), and specifically, it requires that one differentiates real-valued functions of Lie-group-valued argument.

Changes in the pattern of haemolymph polypeptides were studied to map the innate immune response of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection by the parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. In addition, changes in the ontogenetic pattern due to glucose feeding, age, sex and gonotrophic cycle-related proteins were analysed. Six polypeptides were induced and 22 polypeptides disappeared due to glucose feeding during various stages of the mosquito's adult life. Five polypeptide patterns (91, 100, 108, 133 & 145 KDa) were found exclusively in female haemolymph. The changes in these polypeptide patterns have been correlated with sexual dimorphism in their feeding behaviour.

In total, 18 polypeptides were induced in the haemolymph of parasitised mosquitoes during different stages of development. Most of the polypeptides were induced in the early stages of infection, i.e. immediately after a bloodmeal. One polypeptide (25 KDa) was induced in all the stages. The expression of two polypeptides (32.5 and 70 KDa) on day 9 and one polypeptide (42 KDa) on day 15 was also enhanced following parasitism. The different induced proteins may help mosquitoes of different ages cope with parasite infection. The parasite evidently elicits immune responses in multiple tissues of the mosquito, including two epithelia which the parasite must traverse to complete its development. The mechanism of these responses and their significance in malaria transmission are discussed.