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3 results

  • 2 - Innovation Policies

  • Yutao Sun, Dalian University of Technology, China, Cong Cao, University of Nottingham Ningbo, China
  • Book:
    The Political Economy of Science, Technology, and Innovation in China
    Published online:
    07 August 2023
    Print publication:
    20 July 2023, pp 27-62

  • Summary

    This chapter is about how China’s innovation policies have evolved to reflect a changing and supposedly better understanding of the innovation by China’s policymakers. It carries out a quantitative analysis of 630 innovation policies issued by China’s central government ministries from 1980 to 2019. It concludes that China has shifted its S&T and industrial policy-centered innovation strategy and pursued a more coordinated innovation-oriented economic development by giving increasing attention to a portfolio of policies that also include financial, tax, and fiscal measures. There has been a gradual departure from the pattern in which innovation policies are formulated by one single government agency, therefore steering China to a different and probably more promising innovation trajectory.

  • A portfolio of endowment policies and its limiting distribution

  • Gary Parker
  • Journal:
    ASTIN Bulletin: The Journal of the IAA / Volume 26 / Issue 1 / May 1996
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 August 2014, pp. 25-33
    Print publication:
    May 1996
    • Article
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  • Two methods for approximating the limiting distribution of the present value of the benefits of a portfolio of identical endowment insurance contracts are suggested. The model used assumes that both future lifetimes and interest rates are random. The first method is similar to the one presented in Parker (1994b). The second method is based on the relationship between temporary and endowment insurance contracts.

  • Limiting Distribution of the Present Value of a Portfolio

  • Gary Parker
  • Journal:
    ASTIN Bulletin: The Journal of the IAA / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / May 1994
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 August 2014, pp. 47-60
    Print publication:
    May 1994
    • Article
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  • An approximation of the distribution of the present value of the benefits of a portfolio of temporary insurance contracts is suggested for the case where the size of the portfolio tends to infinity. The model used is the one presented in Parker (1922b) and involves random interest rates and future lifetimes. Some justifications of the approximation are given. Illustrations for limiting portfolios of temporary insurance contracts are presented for an assumed Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for the force of interest.