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2 results

  • 30 - Bowerbird Innovation and Problem-Solving

  • from Part VI - Innovation and Problem-Solving
  • Edited by Allison B. Kaufman, University of Connecticut, Josep Call, University of St Andrews, Scotland, James C. Kaufman, University of Connecticut
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Animal Cognition
    Published online:
    01 July 2021
    Print publication:
    22 July 2021, pp 667-689

  • Summary

    Behavioral innovation, the ability to invent new behaviors and/or use preexisting behaviors in a new context to respond to a novel situation, can be critical to an individual’s survival (i.e., natural selection). Less studied is how innovation can be critical for mating success (i.e., sexual selection). Bowerbirds are an excellent system to study the latter, given the likely importance of sexual selection to their diversification. Bowerbirds are a family of birds that show remarkable diversity in their unique construction of courtship arenas out of sticks and use of various colored objects as decorations. In this chapter, I give background on what bowerbirds are and present inadvertent evidence from experimental manipulations of their off-body sexual displays that bowerbirds are extremely flexible in their behavior. The bulk of the chapter reviews experiments in which novel problem-solving tasks were presented to bowerbirds and then their performance was compared to their mating success. I conclude by suggesting that an important future research goal should be to study how innovativeness affects the speciation process via sexual selection.

  • Correlations between interpersonal and cognitive difficulties: Relationship to suicidal ideation in military suicide attempters

  • L. Shelef, E. Fruchter, J.J. Mann, A. Yacobi
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 29 / Issue 8 / October 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 April 2020, pp. 498-502
  • Background

    Understanding suicidal ideation may help develop more effective suicide screening and intervention programs. The interpersonal and the cognitive-deficit theories seek to describe the factors leading to suicidal behavior. In the military setting it is common to find over- and under-reporting of suicidal ideation. This study sought to determine the relationship between these two models and determine to what degree their components can indirectly predict suicidal ideation.

    Methods

    Suicide attempters (n = 32) were compared with non-suicidal psychologically treated peers (n = 38) and controls (n = 33), matched for sex and age (mean 19.7 years). Pearson's analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the variables from the two models and hierarchal regression analysis was used to determine the explanation of suicidal ideation variance by these variables.

    Results

    Suicide attempters have more difficulties in problem-solving, negative emotion regulation and burdensomeness compared with their peers (P < .001). These variables are all closely correlated with each other and to suicide ideation (r > ± 0.5; P < .001). Prior suicide attempt, loneliness and burdensomeness together explain 65% (P < .001) of the variance in suicidal ideation.

    Conclusions

    Suicidal ideation is strongly correlated with components of interpersonal and cognitive difficulties. In addition to assessing current suicidal ideation, clinicians should assess past suicide attempt, loneliness and burdensomeness.