Concussion affects 1.2% of the population annually; rural regions and children have higher rates of concussion.

Using administrative health care linked databases, all residents of Ontario with a physician diagnosed concussion were identified using ICD-9 code 850 or ICD-10 code S06. Cases were tracked for 2 years for concussion-related health care utilization with relevant specialist physicians (i.e., neurology, otolaryngology, physiatry, psychiatry, ophthalmology). Billing codes, specialist codes, and time from index to visit were analyzed. Factors associated with increased specialist visits were also examined.

In total, 1,022,588 cases were identified between 2008 and 2014 with 2 years of post-concussion health care utilization available. Follow-up by physician within 3 days of injury occurred in only 14% of cases. Mean time between ED diagnosis and follow-up by a physician was 83.9 days, whereas for rural regions it was >100 days. About half of adults (51.9%) and children (50.3%) had at least 1 specialist visit following concussion. Mean time between injury and first specialist visit was 203.8 (SD 192.9) days for adults, 213.5 (SD 201.0) days for rural adults, and 276.0 (SD 202.6) days for children. There were 67,420 neurology visits, 70,404 psychiatry visits, 13,571 neurosurgery visits, 19,780 physiatry visits, 101,788 ENT visits, and 103,417 ophthalmology visits in the 2 years tracking period. Factors associated with more specialist use included age > 18 years, urban residence, and pre-injury psychiatric history.

There are discrepancies in post-concussion health care utilization based on age group and rural/urban residence. Addressing these risk factors could improve concussion care access.