This chapter examines linguistic studies to explore colonial knowledge production as a shared, cross-cultural process between Indigenous people and European interlocutors. Colonial officials learnt languages from trusted individuals, such as the surveyor and astronomer William Dawes and the Indigenous woman Patyegarang in the 1790s. Nineteenth-century linguistic collection was undertaken by amateur settlers with a variety of intentions. Collected on the frontier, and often in the midst of massacre and violent dispossession, wordlists, songs and grammars contain evidence of traditional Indigenous knowledge as it was translated and transcribed into new forms. The Revd Lancelot Threlkeld’s Awabakal language collaborations with Biraban from the 1820s were circulated to imperial exhibitions and Sir George Grey’s library in Cape Town. Indigenous languages enabled Eliza Hamilton Dunlop to write poetry on Indigenous themes in New South Wales in the 1840s that publicised settler violence and massacres. Harriott Barlow’s language records of southwest Queensland were published by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain in 1873. Distributed, published and consumed far from their frontier sites of collection, linguistic studies from the Australian colonies were influential in major world theories of language, race and culture.

While the appointment of Howick, now Earl Grey, to the position of Colonial Secretary in 1846 promised the triumph of the New Zealand Company’s campaign to undo the consequences of the imperial and government’s recognition of native title over much of the colony’s lands, this did not come to pass. In both New Zealand and London, leading figures were troubled that the principles Earl Grey championed in regard to native title would mean that the government would break the promises they claimed the British Crown had entered into with the natives in making the Treaty of Waitangi, and they brought pressure to bear on the government. But, most importantly, for all the talk about the importance of defining the nature of native rights of property, philosophical ideas and legal principles counted for very little in the way that native title was finally treated by the British government. A new governor, George Grey, had been provided the resources denied to his predecessors, and he purchased large swathes of land from the natives. In doing so, native title was made, once and for all, in New Zealand.